Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- dispneia
- tosse
- hemoptise
- sibilo
- estridor
Other diagnostic factors
- rouquidão
- ortopneia
- disfagia
- dor torácica
- ansiedade
- taquipneia
- taquicardia
- uso dos músculos acessórios
- cianose
- estertores
Risk factors
- câncer pulmonar
- malignidade primária das vias aéreas
- tabagismo
- vias aéreas artificiais
- endopróteses traqueobrônquicas
- cateteres transtraqueais de oxigênio
- transplante de pulmão
- transtornos neurocognitivos e neuromusculares
- policondrite recidivante
- granulomatose com poliangiite (anteriormente conhecida como granulomatose de Wegener)
- traqueobroncomalácia
- infecções endobrônquicas
- malignidades extratorácicas e distantes
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- radiografia torácica
Tests to consider
- broncoscopia (flexível e/ou rígida)
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) do tórax
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) do tórax
- curva de fluxo volume
- espirometria
Emerging tests
- ultrassonografia endobrônquica (EBUS)
Treatment algorithm
apresentação aguda
apresentação subaguda
Contributors
Authors
Coral X. Giovacchini, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine
Duke University Hospital
Durham
NC
Disclosures
CXG declares that she has no competing interests.
Michael Dorry, MD
Clinical Associate
Department of Medicine
Duke University Hospital
Durham
NC
Disclosures
MD declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Coral X. Giovacchini and Dr Michael Dorry would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jose Fernando Santacruz, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
JFS is a consultant for Boston Scientific and is the author of several studies referenced in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Krishna M. Sundar, MD
Adjunct Assistant Professor
University of Utah
Director
Pulmonary & Critical Care Research
IHC Urban South Intermountain Utah Valley Pulmonary Clinic
Provo
UT
Disclosures
KMS declares that he has no competing interests.
Andrew Parfitt, MBBS, FFAEM
Clinical Director
Acute Medicine
Associate Medical Director
Consultant Emergency Medicine
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
Clinical Lead and Consultant
Accident Emergency Medicine
St Thomas' Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
AP declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Murgu SD, Egressy K, Laxmanan B, et al. Central Airway Obstruction: Benign Strictures, Tracheobronchomalacia, and Malignancy-related Obstruction. Chest. 2016 Aug;150(2):426-41.Full text Abstract
Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, et al. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:356-373.Full text Abstract
Mahmood K, Frazer-Green L, Gonzalez AV, et al. Management of central airway obstruction: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 18 Jul 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
Rosell A, Stratakos G. Therapeutic bronchoscopy for central airway diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2020 Nov 18;29(158):190178.Full text Abstract
Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D. Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest. 2003;123:1693-1717. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC)
- Exacerbação da asma
- Pneumonia
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- ACR appropriateness criteria: tracheobronchial disease
- Management of central airway obstruction
More GuidelinesPatient information
Broncoscopia
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