Resumo
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- hálito malcheiroso
- consumo de cebola, alho ou alimentos temperados
- evidência de doença dental e/ou periodontal
- evidência de doença da mucosa oral
- evidência de doença nasofaríngea
Other diagnostic factors
- evidência de doença no trato respiratório superior ou gastrointestinal
- evidência de neoplasia maligna nos tratos respiratório superior e gastrointestinal
- evidências de doença endócrina, metabólica, hepática ou renal
Risk factors
- doença oral
- doença respiratória
- doença gastrointestinal
- doença hepática
- doença renal
- doença endócrina ou alterações hormonais
- doença metabólica
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- diagnóstico clínico
Investigations to consider
- monitor de sulfeto
- cromatografia gasosa
- teste de benzoil-arginina-naftilamida (BANA)
- microscopia de campo escuro
- reação em cadeia da polimerase de bactérias orais
- espectroscopia de massas em tubo de fluxo iônico selecionado
Treatment algorithm
todos os pacientes
Contributors
Authors
Stephen R. Porter, BSc, PhD, MD, FDSRCS, FDSRCSEd, FHEA

Director and Professor of Oral Medicine
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
Disclosures
SRP declares that he has no competing interests.
Stefano Fedele, DDS, PhD

Professor of Oral Medicine
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
Disclosures
SF declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Giuseppina Campisi, DDS, PhD
Professor of Oral Medicine
Department of Oral Sciences
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
Disclosures
GC declares that she has no competing interests.
Ronald S. Brown, MD, DDS
Professor
Howard University College of Dentistry
Washington
DC
Disclosures
RSB declares that he has no competing interests.
References
Key articles
Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.Full text Abstract
Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635. Abstract
Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187. Abstract
Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296. Abstract
Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Pseudo-halitose
More DifferentialsPatient information
Mau hálito
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