When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Halitose

最后审阅: 11 Jun 2025
最后更新: 26 Apr 2022

小结

定义

病史和体格检查

关键诊断因素

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • hálito malcheiroso
  • consumo de cebola, alho ou alimentos temperados
  • evidência de doença dental e/ou periodontal
  • evidência de doença da mucosa oral
  • evidência de doença nasofaríngea
完整详情

其他诊断因素

  • evidência de doença no trato respiratório superior ou gastrointestinal
  • evidência de neoplasia maligna nos tratos respiratório superior e gastrointestinal
  • evidências de doença endócrina, metabólica, hepática ou renal
完整详情

危险因素

  • doença oral
  • doença respiratória
  • doença gastrointestinal
  • doença hepática
  • doença renal
  • doença endócrina ou alterações hormonais
  • doença metabólica
完整详情

诊断性检查

首要检查

  • diagnóstico clínico
完整详情

需考虑的检查

  • monitor de sulfeto
  • cromatografia gasosa
  • teste de benzoil-arginina-naftilamida (BANA)
  • microscopia de campo escuro
  • reação em cadeia da polimerase de bactérias orais
  • espectroscopia de massas em tubo de fluxo iônico selecionado
完整详情

治疗流程

急症处理

todos os pacientes

撰稿人

作者

Stephen R. Porter, BSc, PhD, MD, FDSRCS, FDSRCSEd, FHEA
Stephen R. Porter

Director and Professor of Oral Medicine

UCL Eastman Dental Institute

London

UK

利益声明

SRP declares that he has no competing interests.

Stefano Fedele, DDS, PhD
Stefano Fedele

Professor of Oral Medicine

UCL Eastman Dental Institute

London

UK

利益声明

SF declares that he has no competing interests.

同行评议者

Giuseppina Campisi, DDS, PhD

Professor of Oral Medicine

Department of Oral Sciences

University of Palermo

Palermo

Italy

利益声明

GC declares that she has no competing interests.

Ronald S. Brown, MD, DDS

Professor

Howard University College of Dentistry

Washington

DC

利益声明

RSB declares that he has no competing interests.

参考文献

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

关键文献

Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.全文  摘要

Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635. 摘要

Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187. 摘要

Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296. 摘要

Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743. 摘要

参考文献

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

内容使用需遵循免责声明