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Halitose

Última revisão: 18 Jun 2025
Última atualização: 26 Apr 2022

Resumo

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • hálito malcheiroso
  • consumo de cebola, alho ou alimentos temperados
  • evidência de doença dental e/ou periodontal
  • evidência de doença da mucosa oral
  • evidência de doença nasofaríngea
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • evidência de doença no trato respiratório superior ou gastrointestinal
  • evidência de neoplasia maligna nos tratos respiratório superior e gastrointestinal
  • evidências de doença endócrina, metabólica, hepática ou renal
Full details

Risk factors

  • doença oral
  • doença respiratória
  • doença gastrointestinal
  • doença hepática
  • doença renal
  • doença endócrina ou alterações hormonais
  • doença metabólica
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • diagnóstico clínico
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • monitor de sulfeto
  • cromatografia gasosa
  • teste de benzoil-arginina-naftilamida (BANA)
  • microscopia de campo escuro
  • reação em cadeia da polimerase de bactérias orais
  • espectroscopia de massas em tubo de fluxo iônico selecionado
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

todos os pacientes

Contributors

Authors

Stephen R. Porter, BSc, PhD, MD, FDSRCS, FDSRCSEd, FHEA
Stephen R. Porter

Director and Professor of Oral Medicine

UCL Eastman Dental Institute

London

UK

Disclosures

SRP declares that he has no competing interests.

Stefano Fedele, DDS, PhD
Stefano Fedele

Professor of Oral Medicine

UCL Eastman Dental Institute

London

UK

Disclosures

SF declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Giuseppina Campisi, DDS, PhD

Professor of Oral Medicine

Department of Oral Sciences

University of Palermo

Palermo

Italy

Disclosures

GC declares that she has no competing interests.

Ronald S. Brown, MD, DDS

Professor

Howard University College of Dentistry

Washington

DC

Disclosures

RSB declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.Full text  Abstract

Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635. Abstract

Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187. Abstract

Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296. Abstract

Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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