小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- presença de fatores de risco
- hálito malcheiroso
- consumo de cebola, alho ou alimentos temperados
- evidência de doença dental e/ou periodontal
- evidência de doença da mucosa oral
- evidência de doença nasofaríngea
其他诊断因素
- evidência de doença no trato respiratório superior ou gastrointestinal
- evidência de neoplasia maligna nos tratos respiratório superior e gastrointestinal
- evidências de doença endócrina, metabólica, hepática ou renal
危险因素
- doença oral
- doença respiratória
- doença gastrointestinal
- doença hepática
- doença renal
- doença endócrina ou alterações hormonais
- doença metabólica
诊断性检查
首要检查
- diagnóstico clínico
需考虑的检查
- monitor de sulfeto
- cromatografia gasosa
- teste de benzoil-arginina-naftilamida (BANA)
- microscopia de campo escuro
- reação em cadeia da polimerase de bactérias orais
- espectroscopia de massas em tubo de fluxo iônico selecionado
治疗流程
todos os pacientes
撰稿人
作者
Stephen R. Porter, BSc, PhD, MD, FDSRCS, FDSRCSEd, FHEA

Director and Professor of Oral Medicine
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
利益声明
SRP declares that he has no competing interests.
Stefano Fedele, DDS, PhD

Professor of Oral Medicine
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
利益声明
SF declares that he has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Giuseppina Campisi, DDS, PhD
Professor of Oral Medicine
Department of Oral Sciences
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
利益声明
GC declares that she has no competing interests.
Ronald S. Brown, MD, DDS
Professor
Howard University College of Dentistry
Washington
DC
利益声明
RSB declares that he has no competing interests.
参考文献
关键文献
Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.全文 摘要
Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635. 摘要
Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187. 摘要
Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296. 摘要
Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743. 摘要
参考文献
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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- Pseudo-halitose
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