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Kwashiorkor

Last reviewed: 25 Mar 2025
Last updated: 17 Dec 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • história de fome ou dieta monótona
  • criança <5 anos de idade e que vive em comunidade rural
  • baixo peso para a altura, baixa altura para a idade ou baixo perímetro braquial
  • edema depressível bilateral
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • descoloração dos cabelos
  • dermatose/ulceração
  • apatia e relutância em se alimentar
  • hipotermia
  • cândida oral
  • xeroftalmia
  • palidez
  • hidratação inadequada
  • febre
  • irritabilidade
Full details

Risk factors

  • insegurança alimentar endêmica ou fome
  • comunidades rurais
  • <5 anos de idade
  • dieta exclusivamente à base de milho ou mandioca
  • deficiência alimentar de proteínas
  • Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
  • infecção por tuberculose (TB)
  • Sarampo
  • diarreia
  • desmame
  • exposição a radicais livres
  • deficiência de antioxidantes
  • intoxicação por aflatoxina
  • imunização incompleta
  • baixa condição social ou econômica
  • paralisia cerebral
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • diagnóstico clínico
Full details

Tests to consider

  • tira reagente para exame de urina
  • hemograma completo
  • eletrólitos séricos
  • proteína sérica
  • albumina sérica
  • glicose sanguínea
  • radiografia torácica
  • urocultura
  • hemocultura
  • coprocultura
  • Teste cutâneo da tuberculose (TB)
  • Sorologia do HIV/reação em cadeia da polimerase
  • rastreamento de malária
  • ecocardiografia
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

não complicada

complicada

Contributors

Authors

Mark J. Manary, MD

Helene B. Roberson Professor of Pediatrics

Washington University School of Medicine

St Louis

MO

Disclosures

MJM is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Indi Trehan, MD, MPH, DTM&H

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Adjunct Associate Professor of Global Health and Epidemiology

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

IT is the co-author of a reference cited in this topic.

Acknowledgements

Dr Mark J. Manary and Dr Indi Trehan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr James E.G. Bunn, the previous contributor to this topic.

Disclosures

JEGB declared that he had no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Beatrice Amadi, MD, MMed.Paed

Consultant Paediatrician

University Teaching Hospital

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Lusaka

Zambia

Disclosures

BA declares that she has no competing interests.

Tahmeed Ahmed, MD

Adjunct Professor

Public Health Nutrition

James P. Grant School of Public Health

BRAC University

Dhaka

Bangladesh

Disclosures

TA declares that he has no competing interests.

George J. Fuchs III, MD

Professor of Pediatrics and Health Policy and Management

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Little Rock

AR

Disclosures

GJF declares that he has no competing interests.

  • Kwashiorkor images
  • Differentials

    • Marasmo
    • Subnutrição crônica
    • Insuficiência cardíaca congestiva
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • WHO guideline on the prevention and management of wasting and nutritional oedema (‎acute malnutrition)‎ in infants and children under 5 years
    • WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children
    More Guidelines
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