Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- cognição alterada/agitação
- hipotensão
Other diagnostic factors
- taquipneia
- taquicardia
- tempo de enchimento capilar prolongado
- oligúria
- fraqueza muscular
- cianose
- membros frios
- evidências de trauma
- erupção cutânea petequial
- dor torácica
- febre
- dor abdominal
- estase jugular
- edema periférico
- ausência de murmúrios vesiculares de um lado do peito
- desvio da traqueia
- sons cardíacos silenciosos
- paralisia flácida dos membros inferiores
- sopro cardíaco
- bexiga distendida
- edema facial e na língua
- erupção cutânea urticariforme
- dor na pelve/sangramento vaginal em mulheres em idade fértil
Risk factors
- avanço da idade
- comorbidades
- infarto do miocárdio
- cardiomiopatia
- doença da valva cardíaca
- arritmias
- trauma
- hemorragia digestiva
- aneurisma roto da aorta abdominal
- queimaduras
- golpe de calor
- perdas gastrointestinais: diarreia e vômitos
- pancreatite
- sepse
- anafilaxia/intoxicação
- lesão espinhal ou do tronco encefálico
- doença endócrina
- embolia pulmonar
- tamponamento cardíaco
- induzido por medicamentos (choque anafilático)
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- lactato
- gasometria
- Hemograma completo
- ureia e creatinina
- eletrólitos séricos
- estudos de coagulação (razão normalizada internacional [INR], tempo de tromboplastina parcial [TTP] ativada)
- glicose sanguínea
- anion gap
- proteína C-reativa
- procalcitonina
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
Tests to consider
- radiografia torácica
- ultrassonografia focada do abdome e do tórax
- ecocardiografia
- dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração (capnografia)
- TC do tórax, abdome e pelve
- angiografia pulmonar por tomografia computadorizada
- urinálise e teste de gravidez urinário
- ultrassonografia pélvica
- radiografia de ossos longos
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) da coluna vertebral
Treatment algorithm
todos os pacientes
Contributors
Authors
Samuel J. Stratton, MD, MPH

Professor
Fielding School of Public Health
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
Deputy Health Officer
Orange County Health Care Agency
Health Disaster Management/Emergency Medical Services
Santa Ana
CA
Disclosures
SJS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Samuel J. Stratton and Dr Matthew Bai wishes to gratefully acknowledge Dr Patrick Nee, Dr James Brown, Dr Christoph Pechlaner, and Dr Christian Wiedermann, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
PN, JB, CP, and CW declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Matthew Bai, MS, MD
Associate Medical Director
Mount Sinai Queens
Mount Sinai Health System
New York
NY
Disclosures
MB declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Dec;40(12):1795-815.Full text Abstract
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-247.Full text Abstract
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text Abstract
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 May 3;79(17):e263-421.Full text Abstract
Sinha SS, Morrow DA, Kapur NK, et al. 2025 concise clinical guidance: an ACC expert consensus statement on the evaluation and management of cardiogenic shock: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Apr 29;85(16):1618-41.Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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