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Last reviewed: 3 Aug 2025
Last updated: 16 Feb 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • რისკ-ფაქტორების არსებობა
  • ასიმპტომური
  • პოლიდიფსია
  • პოლიურია

Other diagnostic factors

  • კანდიდოზური ინფექციები
  • კანის ინფექციები.
  • საშარდე ტრაქტის ინფექციები
  • დაღლილობა
  • დაბინდული მხედველობა
  • პოლიფაგია
  • წონაში დაკლება უნებლიედ
  • პარესთეზიები
  • აკანტოკერატოდერმია

Risk factors

  • უფროსი ასაკი
  • ჭარბი წონა/სიმსუქნე
  • გესტაციური დიაბეტი
  • არადიაბეტური ჰიპერგლიკემია
  • მე-2 ტიპის დიაბეტი ოჯახურ ანამნეზში
  • არა-თეთრკანიანი წინაპრები
  • საკვერცხეების პოლიკისტოზის სინდრომი
  • ჰიპერტენზია
  • დისლიპიდემია
  • გულსისხლძარღვთა დაავადება
  • სტრესი

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • უზმოზე პლაზმაში გლუკოზის განსაზღვრა
  • HbA1c
  • 75 გ პერორალური გლუკოზით დატვირთვიდან 2 საათში გლუკოზა
  • რანდომულ ნიმუშში პლაზმაში გლუკოზა

Investigations to consider

  • ლიპიდური პროფილი უზმოზზე
  • კეტონები შარდში
  • ალბუმინი კრეატინინის თანაფარდობა (ACR)
  • შრატის კრეატინინმა და შეფასებულმა GFR-მა
  • ელექტროკარდიოგრამა
  • კოჭ-მხრის წნევის ინდექსი (ABPI)
  • C-პეპტიდი რანდომულად
  • აუტოანტისხეულების ტესტირება
  • ღვიძლის ფუნქციური სინჯები

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

Surya Rajeev, MBBS, MRCP, MD

Consultant Physician and Clinical Director

Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology

Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

UK

Disclosures

SR has received reimbursement from Novo Nordisk for conferences, and has presented paid lectures.

Acknowledgements

Dr Surya Rajeev would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Partha Kar, Dr Amar Puttanna, Dr Patrick J. O'Connor and Dr JoAnn M. Sperl-Hillen, the previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

PK has sat on advisory boards and attended events reimbursed by Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi. AP has received honoraria from Napp, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Lilly-Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and AstraZeneca for presentation at meetings, conference registration, or participating in advisory boards. PJO receives research funding from the National Institutes of Health on multiple projects and is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. JMS-H is an author of a number of references cited in this topic and is an inventor on a US patent for Disease Treatment Simulation, a simulation-based technology developed without commercial support to educate health providers on chronic disease management in a virtual environment.

Peer reviewers

Vinod Patel, MD, FRCP, FHEA, MRCGP, DRCOG, MBChB, BSc (Hons), RCPathME

Professor, Diabetes and Clinical Skills

Warwick Medical School

University of Warwick

Hon Consultant in Endocrinology and Diabetes, Acute Medicine, Medical Obstetrics

Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre

George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust

Nuneaton

Clinical Director for Diabetes West Midlands Clinical Networks & Clinical Senate

NHS England and NHS Improvement - Midlands

UK

Disclosures

VP declares he has worked with most of the large pharmaceutical industry groups over the years with the majority of the work being in education of healthcare professionals in diabetes care. This includes Novo Nordisk, Eli Lily, MSD, BI, Sanofi, Napp, Internis, Takeda, and AZ. VP has been part of advisory board work on occasions. VP has received conference arrangements and lecture fees. VP is a trustee of the charity South Asian Health Foundation.

Gregory Lip, MD, FRCP, DFM, FACC, FESC, FEHRA

Price-Evans Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine

University of Liverpool

Senior Investigator

National Institute for Health Research

UK

Distinguished Professor

Faculty of Medicine

Aalborg University

Denmark

Adjunct Professor

Yonsei University

Seoul

South Korea

Disclosures

GL has acted as a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Daiichi-Sankyo.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 7;41(2):255-323.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. December 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.

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