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Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea

Last reviewed: 18 Jan 2026
Last updated: 13 Feb 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • dolor abdominal o abdomen doloroso a la palpación
  • signos de ascitis
  • fiebre
  • náuseas y vómitos
  • diarrea
  • alteración del estado mental
  • sangrado gastrointestinal
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • hipotermia
  • hipotensión
  • taquicardia
Full details

Risk factors

  • estado hepático descompensado (generalmente cirrosis)
  • baja concentración de proteínas en líquido ascítico/complemento
  • sangrado gastrointestinal
  • escleroterapia endoscópica para varices esofágicas
  • ascitis por neoplasia maligna, insuficiencia renal o insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva
  • infección extraintestinal
  • procedimientos invasivos
  • uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP)
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • creatinina sérica
  • pruebas de función hepática (PFH)
  • tiempo de protrombina/índice internacional normalizado (INR)
  • hemocultivos
  • apariencia del líquido ascítico
  • recuento absoluto de neutrófilos (RAN) en el líquido ascítico
  • cultivo del líquido ascítico
  • proteínas en el líquido ascítico, glucosa, lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), pH
Full details

Tests to consider

  • gradiente albúmina sérica-ascítica (GASA)
  • antígeno carcinoembriónico (ACE) en el líquido ascítico
  • fosfatasa alcalina en el líquido ascítico
  • tinción y cultivo de PBE con líquido ascítico, cultivo fúngico, microscopía para óvulos/parásitos
  • lactoferrina en el líquido ascítico
  • Exploración del abdomen por tomografía computarizada (TC)
Full details

Emerging tests

  • prueba con tira reactiva de esterasa leucocitaria altamente sensible (Periscreen) en líquido ascítico
  • prueba con tira reactiva de esterasa leucocitaria (estándar en orina) en líquido ascítico a pie de cama

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

infección adquirida en la comunidad con bajo riesgo para especies resistentes

infección nosocomial, shock séptico, alto riesgo de microorganismos RMF

Contributors

Authors

Brian Chinnock, MD

Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine

UCSF Fresno Medical Education Program

Fresno

CA

Disclosures

BC is an author of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Ke-Qin Hu, MD

Director, Hepatology Services, H.H. Chao Comprehensive Digestive Disease Center

Professor of Medicine

School of Medicine

University of California, Irvine

Irvine

CA

Disclosures

KQH declares that he has no competing interests.

Andrea De Gottardi, MD, PhD

Visiting Hepatologist

Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory

Liver Unit

Hospital Clinic

Barcelona

Spain

Disclosures

ADG declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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