Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presencia de factores de riesgo
- dolor abdominal o abdomen doloroso a la palpación
- signos de ascitis
- fiebre
- náuseas y vómitos
- diarrea
- alteración del estado mental
- sangrado gastrointestinal
Other diagnostic factors
- hipotermia
- hipotensión
- taquicardia
Risk factors
- estado hepático descompensado (generalmente cirrosis)
- baja concentración de proteínas en líquido ascítico/complemento
- sangrado gastrointestinal
- escleroterapia endoscópica para varices esofágicas
- ascitis por neoplasia maligna, insuficiencia renal o insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva
- infección extraintestinal
- procedimientos invasivos
- uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP)
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- hemograma completo (HC)
- creatinina sérica
- pruebas de función hepática (PFH)
- tiempo de protrombina/índice internacional normalizado (INR)
- hemocultivos
- apariencia del líquido ascítico
- recuento absoluto de neutrófilos (RAN) en el líquido ascítico
- cultivo del líquido ascítico
- proteínas en el líquido ascítico, glucosa, lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), pH
Tests to consider
- gradiente albúmina sérica-ascítica (GASA)
- antígeno carcinoembriónico (ACE) en el líquido ascítico
- fosfatasa alcalina en el líquido ascítico
- tinción y cultivo de PBE con líquido ascítico, cultivo fúngico, microscopía para óvulos/parásitos
- lactoferrina en el líquido ascítico
- Exploración del abdomen por tomografía computarizada (TC)
Emerging tests
- prueba con tira reactiva de esterasa leucocitaria altamente sensible (Periscreen) en líquido ascítico
- prueba con tira reactiva de esterasa leucocitaria (estándar en orina) en líquido ascítico a pie de cama
Treatment algorithm
infección adquirida en la comunidad con bajo riesgo para especies resistentes
infección nosocomial, shock séptico, alto riesgo de microorganismos RMF
Contributors
Authors
Brian Chinnock, MD
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
UCSF Fresno Medical Education Program
Fresno
CA
Disclosures
BC is an author of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Ke-Qin Hu, MD
Director, Hepatology Services, H.H. Chao Comprehensive Digestive Disease Center
Professor of Medicine
School of Medicine
University of California, Irvine
Irvine
CA
Disclosures
KQH declares that he has no competing interests.
Andrea De Gottardi, MD, PhD
Visiting Hepatologist
Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory
Liver Unit
Hospital Clinic
Barcelona
Spain
Disclosures
ADG declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Full text Abstract
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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