Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presencia de factores de riesgo
- arqueo de las piernas
- ensanchamiento de los extremos de los huesos largos
- retraso en la erupción de los dientes y caries dentales a edad temprana
- deformidad torácica
- molestias óseas pulsátiles y dolorosas y/o irritabilidad
- sudoración por la cabeza
- sensibilidad ósea localizada o generalizada a la palpación
- debilidad muscular proximal
- rosario costal
- abombamiento frontal
- marcha ansarina
Other diagnostic factors
- retraso en el crecimiento
- alcance tardío de hitos motores
- fatiga y malestar general
- síntomas de la hipocalcemia
Risk factors
- exposición inadecuada a la luz solar
- mayor pigmentación de la piel
- >50 años de edad
- ingesta insuficiente de vitamina D a través de la dieta y suplementos
- malabsorción
- obesidad
- uso de determinados fármacos
- mutaciones genéticas
- antecedentes de tumor benigno o maligno
- enfermedad renal crónica
- enfermedades granulomatosas
- hiperparatiroidismo primario
- hipertiroidismo
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- 25-hidroxivitamina D sérica
- calcio sérico
- fosfato sérico en ayunas
- fosfatasa alcalina en suero
Tests to consider
- radiografías simples de rodillas y muñecas
- hormona paratiroidea (PTH) intacta
- 1,25-hidroxivitamina D sérica
- exploración de densidad ósea (DEXA)
Treatment algorithm
insuficiencia
deficiencia
Contributors
Authors
Michael F. Holick, PhD, MD
Director Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory
Director Ehlers-Danlos Clinical Research Programme
Professor of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics and Molecular Medicine
Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston
MA
Disclosures
MFH has a clinical research contract and consultant for Solius Inc., clinical and basic research contract and grant from Carbogen-Amcis, and is a consultant for Faes Farma, Adela, Ontometrics Inc., Eureka program, KBD Sperti Inc., and Biogena Inc. He is a speaker for Pulse Ltd, Abbott Inc., Sanofi Inc., Menarini Inc., PharmaEVO Pvt. Ltd., and a former board member of Bridge to Life. He also chaired the Endocrine Society’s 2011 practice guidelines on vitamin D. MFH is an author of The Vitamin D Solution and The UV Advantage. MFH is an author of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Linda Lester, MD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition
School of Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland
OR
Disclosures
LL declares that she has no competing interests.
Stefan Pilz, MD
General Practitioner
Resident at the Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine
Medical University of Graz
Graz
Austria
Disclosures
SP is an author of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Jul 12;109(8):1907-47.Full text Abstract
Chanchlani R, Nemer P, Sinha R, et al. An overview of rickets in children. Kidney Int Rep. 2020 Jul;5(7):980-90.Full text Abstract
US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Apr 13;325(14):1436-42.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Hiperparatiroidismo primario
- Mieloma múltiple
- Fibromialgia
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Vitamin D for the prevention of disease
- Vitamin D deficiency
More GuidelinesPatient information
Osteoporosis: ¿qué es?
Encefalomielitis miálgica (síndrome de fatiga crónica)
More Patient informationLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer