Resumen
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presencia de factores de riesgo
- pérdida de la memoria
- desorientación
- disfasia nominal
- extraviar objetos/perderse
- apatía
- disminución en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD)
- cambio de personalidad
- exploración física inicial sin hallazgos relevantes
Other diagnostic factors
- cambios de humor y comportamiento
- pensamiento abstracto deficiente
- dispraxia constructiva
- prosopagnosia
- autoprosopagnosia
Risk factors
- edad avanzada
- antecedentes familiares
- genética
- síndrome de Down
- enfermedad cerebrovascular
- factores de estilo de vida y medio ambiente
- uso de determinados fármacos
- escolaridad inferior a la educación secundaria
- traumatismo craneoencefálico
- depresión
- pérdida de la audición
- enfermedad periodontal
- discapacidad visual
- infección por el virus herpes simple tipo 1 (VHS-1)
- hiperlipidemia
- sexo femenino
- nivel elevado de homocisteína en plasma
- cirugía bajo anestesia general
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- Pruebas cognitivas
- hemograma completo (HC)
- perfil metabólico
- hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH)
- vitamina B12 sérica
- cribado de tóxicos en orina
- TC cerebral (sin contraste)
- IRM cerebral (sin contraste)
Tests to consider
- análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR)
- reagina plasmática rápida en suero (RPR)/pruebas de laboratorio de investigación de enfermedades venéreas (VDRL)
- pruebas de VIH en suero
- prueba neuropsicológica formal
- pruebas genéticas
- exploración por tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP) con fluorodesoxiglucosa (FDG)
- Pruebas de biomarcadores del LCR
Emerging tests
- tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP) del amiloide
- biomarcadores sanguíneos
Treatment algorithm
todos los pacientes
Contributors
Authors
Judith Neugroschl, MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York
NY
Disclosures
JN participates in research funded by two National Institutes for Health (NIH) grants. She is funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center: one grant funds the centre’s Alzheimer's disease research, and the other is a training grant to encourage new colleagues from disadvantaged backgrounds to consider Alzheimer's disease research as a career.
Acknowledgements
Dr Judith Neugroschl would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Brandy R. Matthews, Dr Asif S. Bhutto, and Dr Julie K. Gammack, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
BRM, ASB, and JKG declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Roy J. Goldberg, MD, FACP, AGSF, CMD
Medical Director
Kings Harbor Multicare Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
RJG declares that he has no competing interests.
Philip Scheltens, MD, PhD
Professor of Neurology
Department of Neurology/Alzheimer Center
VU University Medical Center
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Disclosures
PS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing commission. Lancet. 2024 Aug 10;404(10452):572-628. Abstract
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dementia. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;(3):CD003154.Full text Abstract
Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 22;(9):CD001191.Full text Abstract
Birks JS, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 18;(6):CD001190.Full text Abstract
Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Eyler AE, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;173(5):543-6.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Delirio
- Depresión
- Demencia vascular
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