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Enfermedad de Alzheimer

Последний просмотренный: 28 Sep 2025
Last updated: 20 Aug 2025

Резюме

Определение

Анамнез и осмотр

Ключевые диагностические факторы

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • pérdida de la memoria
  • desorientación
  • disfasia nominal
  • extraviar objetos/perderse
  • apatía
  • disminución en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD)
  • cambio de personalidad
  • exploración física inicial sin hallazgos relevantes
Полная информация

Другие диагностические факторы

  • cambios de humor y comportamiento
  • pensamiento abstracto deficiente
  • dispraxia constructiva
  • prosopagnosia
  • autoprosopagnosia
Полная информация

Факторы риска

  • edad avanzada
  • antecedentes familiares
  • genética
  • síndrome de Down
  • enfermedad cerebrovascular
  • factores de estilo de vida y medio ambiente
  • uso de determinados fármacos
  • escolaridad inferior a la educación secundaria
  • traumatismo craneoencefálico
  • depresión
  • pérdida de la audición
  • enfermedad periodontal
  • discapacidad visual
  • infección por el virus herpes simple tipo 1 (VHS-1)
  • hiperlipidemia
  • sexo femenino
  • nivel elevado de homocisteína en plasma
  • cirugía bajo anestesia general
Полная информация

Диагностические исследования

Исследования, которые показаны в первую очередь

  • Pruebas cognitivas
  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • perfil metabólico
  • hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH)
  • vitamina B12 sérica
  • cribado de tóxicos en orina
  • TC cerebral (sin contraste)
  • IRM cerebral (sin contraste)
Полная информация

Исследования, проведение которых нужно рассмотреть

  • análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR)
  • reagina plasmática rápida en suero (RPR)/pruebas de laboratorio de investigación de enfermedades venéreas (VDRL)
  • pruebas de VIH en suero
  • prueba neuropsicológica formal
  • pruebas genéticas
  • exploración por tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP) con fluorodesoxiglucosa (FDG)
  • Pruebas de biomarcadores del LCR
Полная информация

Неотложные исследования

  • tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP) del amiloide
  • biomarcadores sanguíneos

Алгоритм лечения

ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ

todos los pacientes

Составители

Авторы

Judith Neugroschl, MD

Associate Professor of Psychiatry

Alzheimer's Disease Research Center

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

New York

NY

Раскрытие информации

JN participates in research funded by National Institutes for Health (NIH) grants. The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center is a site for clinical research but JN is not the site Principal Investigator, has no role in purchasing nor choosing the studies, and gains no compensation if it succeeds. JN helps to edit the Focus on Healthy Aging Alzheimer's yearly report.

Выражение благодарностей

Dr Judith Neugroschl would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Brandy R. Matthews, Dr Asif S. Bhutto, and Dr Julie K. Gammack, the previous contributors to this topic.

Раскрытие информации

BRM, ASB, and JKG declare that they have no competing interests.

Рецензенты

Roy J. Goldberg, MD, FACP, AGSF, CMD

Medical Director

Kings Harbor Multicare Center

New York

NY

Раскрытие информации

RJG declares that he has no competing interests.

Philip Scheltens, MD, PhD

Professor of Neurology

Department of Neurology/Alzheimer Center

VU University Medical Center

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Раскрытие информации

PS declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Список литературы

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Основные статьи

Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing commission. Lancet. 2024 Aug 10;404(10452):572-628. Аннотация

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dementia. 2024 [internet publication].Полный текст

McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;(3):CD003154.Полный текст  Аннотация

Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 22;(9):CD001191.Полный текст  Аннотация

Birks JS, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 18;(6):CD001190.Полный текст  Аннотация

Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Eyler AE, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;173(5):543-6.Полный текст  Аннотация

Статьи, указанные как источники

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