Enfermedad isquémica intestinal

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Evidencia revisada por última vez: 14 Mar 2026
Tema actualizado por última vez: 17 Oct 2024

Resumen

Definición

Anamnesis y examen

Principales factores de diagnóstico

  • dolor abdominal
  • abdomen doloroso a la palpación
  • presencia de factores de riesgo
Todos los datos

Otros factores de diagnóstico

  • hematoquecia/melena
  • diarrea
  • náuseas
  • pérdida de peso
  • soplo abdominal
  • vasculitis
  • aturdimiento, palidez, disnea
  • miedo a ingerir alimentos (sitofobia)
Todos los datos

Factores de riesgo

  • edad avanzada
  • antecedentes de tabaquismo
  • estados de hipercoagulabilidad
  • fibrilación auricular
  • infarto de miocardio
  • defectos estructurales del corazón
  • antecedentes de vasculitis
  • cirugía cardiovascular reciente
  • shock
  • insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva
  • aterosclerosis
  • síndrome del intestino irritable
  • carcinoma colónico
  • estreñimiento
  • uso de laxantes a largo plazo
  • uso de vasopresores, digoxina, cocaína
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas

Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar

  • exploración por tomografía computarizada (TC)/angiografía por TC
  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • Gasometría arterial y lactato sérico
  • urea y electrolitos
  • pruebas de función hepática
  • proteína C-reactiva
  • estudios de coagulación, agrupar y guardar y comparar
  • electrocardiograma (ECG)
  • radiografía de tórax (RT) en bipedestación
  • sigmoidoscopia o colonoscopia
  • endoscopia del tracto gastrointestinal superior
  • dímero D
Full details

Tests to consider

  • angiografía mesentérica
  • ultrasonido dúplex/doppler mesentérico
  • angiografía por resonancia magnética
  • amilasa
  • estudios para la detección de huevos, quistes y parásitos
  • cultivo fecal
  • Ensayo de toxina de Clostridium difficile
  • radiografías de abdomen
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

evidencia de infarto, perforación o peritonitis en la tomografía computarizada diagnóstica

no hay evidencia de infarto, perforación o peritonitis en la tomografía computarizada de diagnóstico

ONGOING

isquemia mesentérica crónica

Colitis por isquemia

isquemia colónica no aguda

Contributors

Expert advisers

Jennifer Straatman

Consultant Upper GI surgeon

Queen Alexandra Hospital

Portsmouth

UK

Disclosures

JS declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributors, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:

Alex von Roon, MB, ChB, PhD, FRCS

Clinical Senior Lecturer

Honorary Consultant Colorectal Surgeon

Department of Surgery and Cancer

Imperial College London

London

UK

James Lewis, MBBS, BSc, MRCS

Clinical Research Fellow

Department of Surgery and Cancer

Imperial College London

London

UK

John Abercrombie FRCS

General and Colorectal Surgeon

Queen’s Medical Centre

Nottingham

UK

Disclosures

AVR and JL declare that they have no competing interests. JA is a member of the Council of The Royal College of Surgeons of England and Clinical Lead for General Surgery, Getting It Right First Time. JA provides expert advice regarding suitability of surgical treatments for Spire Healthcare.

Peer reviewers

Frances Howse, MA (Oxon), BM (Hons), FRCS (Eng)

Consultant

Acute and General Surgery

University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust

Southampton

UK

Disclosures

FH declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Bala M, Catena F, Kashuk J, et al. Acute mesenteric ischemia: updated guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Oct 19;17(1):54.Full text  Abstract

Tilsed JV, Casamassima A, Kurihara H, et al. ESTES guidelines: acute mesenteric ischaemia. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016 Apr;42(2):253-70.Full text  Abstract

Terlouw LG, Moelker A, Abrahamsen J, et al. European guidelines on chronic mesenteric ischaemia: joint United European Gastroenterology, European Association for Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition, European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, Netherlands Association of Hepatogastroenterologists, Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, and Dutch Mesenteric Ischemia Study group clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic mesenteric ischaemia. United European Gastroenterol J. 2020 May;8(4):371-95.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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