Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- antecedentes de enfermedad hipofisaria/hipotalámica
- antecedentes familiares/mutaciones genéticas
- antecedentes de terapia con litio (o determinados otros medicamentos)
- antecedentes de enfermedad autoinmunitaria
- poliuria
- aumento de la sed/polidipsia
Other diagnostic factors
- nicturia
- signos de hipovolemia
- síntomas inespecíficos del sistema nervioso central de la hipernatremia
- defectos en el campo visual
- signos endocrinos
- déficits motores focales
- sordera neurosensorial y déficit de visión
- lesiones cutáneas
Risk factors
- cirugía de la hipófisis
- craneofaringioma
- lesiones del tallo hipofisario
- traumatismo craneoencefálico
- anomalías hipofisarias congénitas
- uso de determinados fármacos
- hipofisitis
- enfermedad autoinmune
- antecedentes familiares/mutaciones genéticas
- embarazo
- hemorragia subaracnoidea
- sarcoidosis renal
- amiloidosis renal
- hipercalcemia o hipopotasemia
- resolución de una uropatía obstructiva
- infecciones previas de sistema nervioso central
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- osmolalidad de la orina
- osmolalidad sérica
- glucosa sérica
- sodio sérico
- potasio sérico
- nitrógeno ureico sérico
- calcio sérico
- tira reactiva de orina
- recolección de orina de 24 horas para medición del volumen
- prueba de privación de agua
- Prueba de estimulación con AVP (desmopresina)
- prueba de estimulación salina hipertónica con medición de la copeptina
Investigations to consider
- IRM de la hipófisis (con contraste)
- pruebas genéticas
- autoanticuerpos anti-peroxidasa tiroidea
- alfafetoproteína del suero y del líquido cefalorraquídeo y beta gonadotropina coriónica humana
- hormona de crecimiento en suero (GH)
- factor de crecimiento insulínico tipo 1 en suero (IGF-1)
- pruebas de provocación de la hormona del crecimiento (GH)
- LH en suero
- hormona foliculoestimulante en suero
- testosterona sérica por la mañana
- la hormona estimulante de la tiroides en suero y la triyodotironina/tiroxina (T3/T4)
- cortisol sérico matutino y la hormona adrenocorticotrófica (ACTH)
- prueba de estimulación con tetracosactida
- prolactina sérica
Treatment algorithm
hipernatremia en cualquier etapa
deficiencia aguda de arginina vasopresina (AVP-D)
deficiencia aguda de arginina vasopresina (AVP-D)
resistencia a la arginina vasopresina (AVP-R)
Contributors
Authors
Miles Levy MBBS, MD, FRCP,
Consultant Endocrinologist
University Hospitals of Leicester
Hon. Associate Professor at Leicester University
Leicester
UK
Disclosures
Mark Sherlock MB, MRCPI, MD, PhD,
Consultant Endocrinologist
Beaumont Hospital
Professor of Medicine
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Dublin
Ireland
Disclosures
MS has received consultancy fees for Ferring (manufacturers of desmopressin).
Acknowledgements
Professor Miles Levy and Professor Mark Sherlock wish to gratefully acknowledge Professor Stephen Ball, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
SB declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Janet Amico, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh
PA
Disclosures
At the time of peer review, JA received research grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Veterans' Affairs, and the Department of Defense. We were made aware that Professor Amico is now deceased.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Christ-Crain M, Bichet DG, Fenske WK, et al. Diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Aug 8;5(1):54. Abstract
Garrahy A, Moran C, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 Jan;90(1):23-30.Full text Abstract
Kavanagh C, Uy NS. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;66(1):227-34. Abstract
Bockenhauer D, Bichet DG. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015 Oct;11(10):576-88. Abstract
Knepper MA, Kwon TH, Nielsen S. Molecular physiology of water balance. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1349-58. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Polidipsia psicógena
- Diabetes mellitus
- Uso diurético
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Diabetes insipidus
- Inpatient management of cranial diabetes insipidus
More GuidelinesPatient information
Diabetes insípida
More Patient informationCalculators
Estimador de osmolalidad (suero)
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