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Intoxicación alimentaria

  • Descripción general
  • Teoría
  • Diagnóstico
  • Manejo
  • Seguimiento
  • Recursos
Última revisão: 23 Sep 2025
Última atualização: 08 Dec 2023

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • diarrea
  • náuseas y vómitos
Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • dolor abdominal
  • distensión
  • fiebre
  • deshidratación
  • sangre o moco en las heces
  • deposiciones profusas semejantes al agua de arroz
  • artritis reactiva
  • manifestaciones cutáneas
  • manifestaciones en oído, nariz y garganta
  • hepatoesplenomegalia
  • manifestaciones neurológicas
  • enfermedad hepatobiliar
  • síntomas pulmonares
  • otras características intestinales
  • manifestaciones de infección ectópica
Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

  • personas de edad avanzada y mujeres embarazadas
  • enfermedad crónica
  • antecedentes recientes de viajes
  • estado inmunocomprometido
  • Antecedentes de contacto con otras personas con intoxicación alimentaria
  • consumo de carne mal cocida
  • consumo de pescados y mariscos crudos
  • consumo de alimentos caseros enlatados
  • consumo de quesos blandos no pasteurizados
  • consumo de fiambres y embutidos
  • consumo de leche o jugos no pasteurizados
  • consumo de huevos crudos
  • manipulación y almacenamiento inadecuados de los alimentos
  • supresión de ácido gástrico
Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

  • análisis microscópico de heces para detectar leucocitos (GB) y eritrocitos (GR)
  • coprocultivo
  • prueba de huevos y parásitos en heces (HyP)
  • reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) de las heces
  • hemograma completo (HC) con diferencial
  • electrolitos y creatinina séricos
  • proteína C-reactiva
Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • prueba de detección de la toxina botulínica
  • hemocultivo
  • lipasa y amilasa en suero
  • pruebas de función hepática (PFH)
  • anticuerpos IgM hepatitis A
  • anticuerpos IgM hepatitis E
  • seriada abdominal aguda
  • sigmoidoscopia/colonoscopia
  • esofagogastroduodenoscopia
  • biopsia
  • prueba del hilo (enterotest)
  • aspirado duodenal
Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

Inicial

enfermedad leve a moderada

enfermedad grave

sospecha de botulismo transmitido por alimentos

AGUDA

microorganismo infeccioso conocido

Colaboradores

Autores

Philip Allan, MBBS, DPhil, FRCP

Consultant Gastroenterologist

Department of Gastroenterology

John Radcliffe Hospital

Oxford

UK

Declarações

PA has consulted for Takeda (Shire) and BaxterHealthcare. PA has received travel, accommodation, and conference fees from Takeda (Shire).

Agradecimentos

Dr Philip Allan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Satish Keshav, Dr Michael Bennish, Dr Willem J.S. de Villiers, and Dr Houssam E. Mardini, the previous contributors to this topic. Unfortunately, we have been made aware that Dr Satish Keshav has passed away.

Declarações

MB received funds, salary, and/or research funding greater than 6 figures USD. MB declares that he has no other competing interests. WJSDV and HEM declare that they have no competing interests.

Revisores

Franz Allerberger, MD, MPH

Professor of Clinical Microbiology

Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)

Vienna

Austria

Declarações

FA declares that he has no competing interests.

Nancy Crum-Cianflone, MD, MPH

Department Head

Naval Health Research Center

San Diego

CA

Disclosures

NCC declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

American Medical Association, American Nurses Association/American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

Public Health England. UK Standards for microbiology investigations S 7: gastroenteritis. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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