Resumen
Definición
Anamnesis y examen
Principales factores de diagnóstico
- presencia de factores de riesgo
- antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía coronaria o dislipidemia de inicio temprano en parientes de primer grado
- antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular
- consumo de grasas saturadas y ácidos grasos trans
- exceso de peso corporal (especialmente obesidad abdominal)
- xantelasmas
- xantomas tendinosos
Otros factores de diagnóstico
- arco senil de la córnea con inicio antes de los 45 años de edad
- xantomas tuberosos
Factores de riesgo
- resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus tipo 2
- exceso de peso corporal (índice de masa corporal > 25 kg/m²)
- tabaquismo
- hipotiroidismo.
- hepatopatía colestásica
- síndrome nefrótico
- uso de ciertos medicamentos
Pruebas diagnósticas
Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar
- lipidograma
- hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH)
- lipoproteina (a)
Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse
- pruebas genéticas
Algoritmo de tratamiento
con ECVSA clínica: riesgo muy elevado
con ECVSA clínica: riesgo no muy elevado y edad ≤75 años
con ECVSA clínica: riesgo no muy alto y edad >75 años
sin ECVSA clínica: colesterol LDL≥4.9 mmol/L (≥190 mg/dL) sin diabetes mellitus (20-75 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: colesterol LDL ≥4.1 mmol/L (≥160 mg/dL) sin diabetes mellitus (edad 20-39 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: el colesterol LDL 1.8 a 4.9 mmol/L (70-189 mg/dL) sin diabetes mellitus (edad 40-75 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: colesterol LDL de1.8 a 4.9 mmol/L (70-189 mg/dL) sin diabetes mellitus (edad >75 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: con diabetes mellitus y potenciadores de riesgo (20-39 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: con diabetes mellitus, riesgo previsto de ECVSA a 10 años <7.5% y sin factores de riesgo (edad 40-75 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: con diabetes mellitus, riesgo predicho de ASCVD a 10 años ≥7.5% y potenciadores de riesgo (edad 40-75 años)
sin ECVSA clínica: con diabetes mellitus (edad >75 años)
hipercolesterolemia familiar
Colaboradores
Autores
Thorsten Leucker, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Divulgaciones
TL has received grant funding for his university from Amgen and Merck.
Richard A. Ferraro, MD
Cardiovascular Disease Fellow
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Divulgaciones
RAF declares that he has no competing interests.
Agradecimientos
Dr Thorsten Leucker and Dr Richard A. Ferraro would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Seth S. Martin, Dr Rhanderson Cardoso, Dr Raul D. Santos, Dr Martin Engelhardt, and Dr Michael Miller, the previous contributors to this topic.
Divulgaciones
SSM has received honoraria from the American College of Cardiology for educational activities. SSM is listed as a co-inventor on a pending patent filed by Johns Hopkins University for a novel method of LDL-cholesterol estimation. SSM received a charitable gift for the VLDL big data project from the David and June Trone Family Foundation, and has also received research support from the PJ Schafer Cardiovascular Research Fund, American Heart Association, Aetna Foundation, iHealth, Stanford MedX/Nokia, Google, and Apple. SSM has acted as a consultant for Abbott Nutrition, Pressed Juicery, Quest Diagnostics, Sanofi/Regeneron, Amgen, Novo Nordisk, Esperian, Akcea, and the Pew Institute. RC declares that he has no competing interests. RDS has received honoraria for consulting, speaker activities and research from Astra Zeneca, Amgen, Akcea, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Pfizer, Merck, Novo-Nordisk, and Sanofi/Regeneron. ME declares that he has no competing interests. MM has received research grant support and honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Merck-Schering Plough, and Pfizer. MM has received consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck-Schering Plough, and Roche.
Revisores por pares
Mahi Lakshmi Ashwath, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Noninvasive Cardiology
MetroHealth Campus
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland
OH
Divulgaciones
MLA declares that he has no competing interests.
Deepak Bhatnagar, TD MBBS PhD FRCP FRCPI FRCPath
Consultant/Senior Lecturer in Diabetes & Metabolism
The Royal Oldham Hospital & University of Manchester Cardiovascular Research Group Diabetes Centre
Royal Oldham Hospital
Oldham
UK
Divulgaciones
DB declares that he has no competing interests.
Referencias
Artículos principales
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Texto completo Resumen
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Texto completo Resumen
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society position paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-60.Texto completo Resumen
Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-418.Texto completo Resumen
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration; Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015 Apr 11;385(9976):1397-405. Resumen
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39.Texto completo Resumen
Artículos de referencia
Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
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