When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Síndrome HELLP

Última revisión: 8 Aug 2025
Última actualización: 11 Mar 2025

Resumen

Definición

Anamnesis y examen

Principales factores de diagnóstico

  • náuseas y vómitos
  • hipertensión
  • reflejos osteotendinosos aumentados
Todos los datos

Otros factores de diagnóstico

  • dolor y sensibilidad en el cuadrante superior derecho/epigástrico
  • malestar general
  • cefalea
  • edema
  • alteraciones visuales
  • ictericia
  • sangrado
Todos los datos

Factores de riesgo

  • raza blanca
  • edad materna >35 años
  • obesidad
  • hipertensión crónica
  • diabetes mellitus
  • trastornos autoinmunitarios
  • migraña
  • gestación múltiple
  • placentación anormal (p. ej., embarazo molar)
  • embarazo previo con preeclampsia con o sin síndrome HELLP
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas

Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar

  • hemograma completo (HC) con diferencial, incluidas plaquetas
  • frotis de sangre periférica
  • transaminasas hepáticas
  • nivel de bilirrubina
  • nivel total de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) sérica
  • aumento del nivel de ácido úrico
  • análisis de orina y cociente proteína/creatinina
  • tiempo de protrombina (TP)/tiempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTP)
  • nivel de fibrinógeno
  • ultrasonido fetal
Todos los datos

Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse

  • nivel de glucosa sérica
  • niveles de creatinina sérica y electrolitos
  • nivel de antitrombina
  • nivel de haptoglobina
  • ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada (TC) o imagen por resonancia magnética (IRM) de la parte superior del abdomen materno
  • relación entre la lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) y la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST)
Todos los datos

Algoritmo de tratamiento

Inicial

síndrome HELLP presunto/sospechado

Agudo

todas las pacientes (HELLP confirmado)

Colaboradores

Autores

James N. Martin, Jr, MD, FACOG, FAGOS, FAHA, F(H)RCOG

Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Maternal-Fetal Medicine

University of Mississippi Medical Center

Jackson

MI

Divulgaciones

JNM Jr is an obstetrician-gynaecologist and maternal-fetal medicine consultant to BlueCross & BlueShield of Mississippi and the Mississippi Perinatal Quality Collaborative. He is co-director of the Mississippi Maternal Mortality Review Committee. He serves on the Global Operations Advisory Group of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and in 2018-9 he chaired the ACOG Presidential Task Force on Pregnancy and Heart Disease. JNM Jr lectures, teaches, researches, and speaks nationally and internationally on the subjects of hypertensive complications of pregnancy, including HELLP syndrome. He is also the lead author and editor of 'The 2015 compendium for HELLP syndrome: from bench to bedside' (Nova Biomedical Publishers). JNM Jr is an author of several references cited in this topic. He has cited his own papers in this topic.

Agradecimientos

Dr James N. Martin Jr would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Marium G. Holland and Dr Alex C. Vidaeff, the previous contributors to this topic.

Divulgaciones

MGH declares that she has no competing interests. ACV is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Revisores por pares

Jerome Yankowitz, MD

Professor and Director

Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Iowa City

IA

Declarações

JY declares that he has no competing interests.

Deirdre Murphy, MD, MRCOG

Professor of Obstetrics

Trinity College

University of Dublin

Consultant Obstetrician

Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital

Dublin

Ireland

Declarações

DM declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Martin JN Jr, Blake PG, Perry KG Jr, et al. The natural history of HELLP syndrome: patterns of disease progression and regression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Jun;164(6 Pt 1):1500-9; discussion 1509-13. Resumo

Martin JN Jr, Brewer JM, Wallace K, et al. Hellp syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013 Aug;26(12):1201-6. Resumo

Martin JN Jr, Rinehart BK, May WL, et al. The spectrum of severe preeclampsia: comparative analysis by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count) syndrome classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1373-84. Resumo

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):181-92. Resumo

Martin JN Jr, Owens MY. Preeclampsia-eclampsia y syndrome de HELLP. In: Romero Arauz JF, Tena Alavez G, Jimenez Solis GA, eds. Preeclampsia - enfermedades hipertensivas del embarazo [in Spanish]. Mexico: McGraw Hill; 2012.

Sibai BL, Ramadan MK, Chari RS, et al. Pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): subsequent pregnancy outcome and long-term prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jan;172(1 Pt 1):125-9. Resumo

Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, et al. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 30;2019(10):CD004659.Texto completo  Resumo

Martin JN Jr, Owens MY, Keiser SD, et al. Standardized Mississippi Protocol treatment of 190 patients with HELLP syndrome: slowing disease progression and preventing new major maternal morbidity. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2012;31(1):79-90. Resumo

Martin JN Jr. Milestones in the quest for best management of patients with HELLP syndrome (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, hepatic dysfunction, thrombocytopenia). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013 Jun;121(3):202-7. Resumo

Martin JN Jr, Thigpen BD, Moore RC, et al. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: a paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Feb;105(2):246-54. Resumo

Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 May;103(5 Pt 1):981-91. Resumo

O'Brien JM, Barton JR. Controversies with the diagnosis and management of HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;48(2):460-77. Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
  • Diagnósticos diferenciais

    • Hígado graso agudo del embarazo (HGAE)
    • Púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica (PTT)
    • Síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico (SHUa)
    Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
  • Diretrizes

    • Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management
    • ACOG practice bulletin no. 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia
    Mais Diretrizes
  • Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

    Preeclampsia: Preguntas que debe hacer a su médico.

    Preeclampsia: ¿Qué es?

    Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
  • padlock-lockedConectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal