Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- gestación >20 semanas
- dolor y sensibilidad en la zona epigástrica y en el cuadrante superior derecho
- náuseas y vómitos
- hipertensión y proteinuria
- edema
- reflejos osteotendinosos aumentados
Other diagnostic factors
- malestar general
- cefalea
- alteraciones visuales
- ictericia
- sangrado
Risk factors
- edad materna >35 años
- obesidad
- hipertensión crónica
- diabetes mellitus
- migraña
- embarazo anterior con síndrome de HELLP o preeclampsia prematura
- embarazo múltiple
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- Hemograma completo con fórmula leucocitaria, incluidas las plaquetas
- nivel total de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) sérica
- niveles de transaminasas hepáticas
- niveles de bilirrubina
- análisis de orina y cociente proteína/creatinina
Investigations to consider
- frotis de sangre periférica
- nivel de haptoglobina
- aumento del nivel de ácido úrico
- nivel de fibrinógeno
- tiempo de protrombina (TP)/TTP
- nivel de glucosa sérica
- niveles de creatinina sérica y electrolitos
- nivel de antitrombina
- Relación entre la LDH y la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST)
- ultrasonido abdominal superior de la madre, TC o IRM
- ultrasonido fetal
Treatment algorithm
sospecha o presunción de síndrome de HELLP
síndrome de HELLP confirmado
Contributors
Authors
Judette Louis, MD, MPH
James Ingram Professor and Chair
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Morsani College of Medicine
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
Disclosures
JML has received research funding from Roche Diagnostics for preeclampsia research and Janssen Pharmaceuticals for consultative work.
Acknowledgements
We would like to gratefully acknowledge the late Dr James N. Martin Jr (Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Maternal-Fetal Medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center) for his previous contribution to this topic. Dr Judette Louis would also like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Marium G. Holland and Dr Alex C. Vidaeff, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
MGH declares that she has no competing interests. ACV is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Jerome Yankowitz, MD
Professor and Director
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Iowa City, IA
Disclosures
JY declares that he has no competing interests.
Deirdre Murphy, MD, MRCOG
Professor of Obstetrics
Trinity College
University of Dublin
Consultant Obstetrician
Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital
Dublin
Ireland
Disclosures
DM declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Martin JN Jr, Rinehart BK, May WL, et al. The spectrum of severe preeclampsia: comparative analysis by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count) syndrome classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1373-84. Abstract
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text
Martin JN Jr, Blake PG, Perry KG Jr, et al. The natural history of HELLP syndrome: patterns of disease progression and regression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Jun;164(6 Pt 1):1500-9; discussion 1509-13. Abstract
Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):181-92. Abstract
Martin JN Jr, Brewer JM, Wallace K, et al. Hellp syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013 Aug;26(12):1201-6. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Hígado graso agudo del embarazo (HGAE)
- Púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica (PTT)
- Síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico (SHUa)
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management
- Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: diagnosis, prediction, prevention, and management
More GuidelinesPatient information
Preeclampsia: Preguntas que debe hacer a su médico.
Preeclampsia: ¿Qué es?
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