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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Last reviewed: 1 Apr 2025
Last updated: 09 Mar 2022

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • age >10 years
  • 6 to 12 months post puberty
  • postural asymmetry
  • absent or minimal pain
  • absence of neurologic symptoms with normal neurologic exam
  • paraspinal prominences on forward bending
  • scoliometer measurement of >5° at paraspinal prominence
  • symmetric abdominal reflexes
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • shoulder asymmetry
  • waist-line asymmetry
  • thoracic wall or breast asymmetry
  • normal gag reflex
  • truncal decompensation
Full details

Risk factors

  • positive family history
  • peak adolescent growth spurt
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • clinical exam
Full details

Tests to consider

  • standing PA x-rays of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, and pelvis
  • standing lateral x-rays of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, and pelvis
  • MRI of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine, and brainstem
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ONGOING

screening scoliometer measurement <5° or coronal Cobb angle measurement of ≤10°

standing coronal Cobb angle measurement of 11° to 20°

standing coronal Cobb angle measurement of 21° to 45°

standing coronal Cobb angle measurement of >45°

Contributors

Authors

Joshua M. Eisenberg, MD

Clinical Research Fellow

Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Iowa City

IA

Disclosures

JME declares that he has no competing interests.

Stuart L. Weinstein, MD

Ignacio V. Ponseti Chair and Professor of Orthopaedics

Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Iowa City

IA

Disclosures

SLW has received royalties from Wolters Kluwer for text book editing. SLW is a former board member of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (ended in 2013); he was involved in a NIH RO1 research grant programme until 2015; and he is an author of several references cited in this topic.

Acknowledgements

Dr Stuart L. Weinstein and Dr Joshua M. Eisenberg would like to thank Dr Ryan M. Ilgenfritz, a previous contributor to this topic.

Disclosures

RMI declared that he had no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

John M. (Jack) Flynn, MD

Associate Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Philadelphia

PA

Disclosures

JMF declares that he has no competing interests.

Amer Samdani, MD

Director

Pediatric Spine Surgery

Shriners Hospitals for Children

Philadelphia

PA

Disclosures

AS is a paid consultant for Synthes Spine, Depuy Spine, and SpineVision.

Andre Tomasino, MD

Neurosurgeon

Department of Neurosurgery

Hospital Munich-Bogenhausen

Munich

Germany

Disclosures

AT declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Parent S, Newton PO, Wenger DR. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: etiology, anatomy, natural history, and bracing. Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:529-36. Abstract

Yaszay B, Newton PO. Idiopathic scoliosis. In: Weinstein SL, Flynn JM, Crawford HA, eds. Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2021:659-720.

Lenke LG, Betz RR, Harms J, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Aug;83(8):1169-81. Abstract

Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015 Sep 24;1:15030. Abstract

Harrop JS, Birknes J, Shaffrey CI. Noninvasive measurement and screening techniques for spinal deformities. Neurosurgery. 2008 Sep;63(3 Suppl):46-53. Abstract

Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, et al. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2018;13:3.Full text  Abstract

Yawn B, Yawn RA. Efficacy of school scoliosis screening. Orthopedics. 2001 Apr;24(4):317. Abstract

Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, et al. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):559-67.Full text  Abstract

Weinstein SL. Idiopathic scoliosis. Natural history. Spine. 1986 Oct;11(8):780-3. Abstract

Dickson JH, Mirkovic S, Noble PC, et al. Results of operative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Apr;77(4):513-23. Abstract

Betz RR, Harms J, Clements DH 3rd, et al. Comparison of anterior and posterior instrumentation for correction of adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1999 Feb 1;24(3):225-39. Abstract

Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL. Back pain and function 22 years after brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study-part I. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Sep 15;28(18):2078-85; discussion 2086. Abstract

Edgar MA, Mehta MH. Long-term follow-up of fused and unfused idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 Nov;70(5):712-6.Full text  Abstract

Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008 May 3;371(9623):1527-37. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis images
  • Differentials

    • Congenital scoliosis
    • Neuromuscular scoliosis
    • Syringomyelia
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
    • Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    More Guidelines
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