Last reviewed: 2 Feb 2021
Last updated: 26 Jun 2020
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- sinus and facial pain
- eye pain, blurred vision
- proptosis
- cranial nerve palsies
- dry cough, with or without dyspnea
- skin nodules
Other diagnostic factors
- fever
- periorbital cellulitis
- viscid, dark brown-black nasal discharge
- focal sensory/motor neurologic deficits and altered mental status
- necrotic eschar
- hemoptysis
- abdominal pain and distension
- gastrointestinal bleeding
- peritonitis
Risk factors
- diabetes ± diabetic ketoacidosis
- neutropenia
- iron overload
- corticosteroids
- hematopoietic and solid organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease
- breakdown of skin and soft tissue
- malnutrition
- prematurity
- liver cirrhosis
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- CBC
- basic metabolic profile
- ABG
- urinalysis
- serum ketone level
- CT sinuses and brain
- CT chest with contrast
- nasal endoscopy
- gastrointestinal endoscopy
Investigations to consider
- MRI sinuses and brain
- bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy
- histopathology of biopsy
- microbiology of biopsy
Treatment algorithm
ACUTE
Contributors
Authors

Infectious Diseases
Private Practice
Los Gatos
CA
Disclosures
RMP declares that she has no competing interests.

Professor of Medicine
College of Medicine
University of Florida
Jacksonville
FL
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Infectious Diseases Fellow
Laboratory of Molecular Immunology
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH
Bethesda
MD
Disclosures
ML declares that he has no competing interests.
Dermatology Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Kings College Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
RMJ declares that she has no competing interests.
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