Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.Full text  Abstract

1. Diehl AK. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991 Mar;20(1):1-19. Abstract

2. Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7. Abstract

3. Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.Full text  Abstract

4. Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1507-12. Abstract

5. Sun H, Tang H, Jiang S, et al. Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1886-91.Full text  Abstract

6. Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981-96. Abstract

7. Ansari-Moghaddam A, Khorram A, Miri-Bonjar M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of gallstone among adults in south-east of Iran: a population-based study. Glob J Health Sci. 2015 Jul 30;8(4):60-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jan 15;141(2):158-65. Abstract

9. Freidman GD, Raviola CA, Fireman B. Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(2):127-36. Abstract

10. Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med. 1982 Sep 23;307(13):798-800. Abstract

11. McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63. Abstract

12. Abraham S, Rivero HG, Erlikh IV, et al. Surgical and nonsurgical management of gallstones. Am Fam Physician. 2014 May 15;89(10):795-802. Abstract

13. Friedman GD. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg. 1993 Apr;165(4):399-404. Abstract

14. Cullen KA, Hall MJ, Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009 Jan 28;(11):1-25. Abstract

15. Di Ciaula A, Portincasa P. Recent advances in understanding and managing cholesterol gallstones. F1000Res. 2018, 7(F1000 Faculty Rev):1529.Full text  Abstract

16. Völzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion. 2005;71(2):97-105. Abstract

17. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg. 2002 Jun;235(6):842-9. Abstract

18. Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1138-43. Abstract

19. Ferkingstad E, Oddsson A, Gretarsdottir S, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis yields 20 loci associated with gallstone disease. Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 30;9(1):5101.Full text  Abstract

20. Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7. Abstract

21. Venneman NG, Buskens E, Besselink MG, et al. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;100(11):2540-50. Abstract

22. Venneman NG, Renooij W, Rehfeld JF, et al. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Apr;41(4):738-46.Full text  Abstract

23. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors for acute biliary pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Aug;60(2):210-2. Abstract

24. Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;156(19-20):527-33. Abstract

25. Carey MC, Paigen B. Epidemiology of the American Indians' burden and its likely genetic origins. Hepatology. 2002 Oct;36(4 Pt 1):781-91. Abstract

26. Nervi F, Miquel JF, Marshall G. The Amerindian epidemics of cholesterol gallstones: the North and South connection. Hepatology. 2003 Apr;37(4):947-8. Abstract

27. Krawczyk M, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, et al. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of gallbladder stone formation. Semin Liver Dis. 2011 May;31(2):157-72. Abstract

28. Joshi AD, Andersson C, Buch S, et al. Four susceptibility loci for gallstone disease identified in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Gastroenterology. 2016 Aug;151(2):351-63.Full text  Abstract

29. Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, et al. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):359-65. Abstract

30. Wang S, Wang Y, Xu J, et al. Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Apr;96(14):e6556.Full text  Abstract

31. Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):652-8. Abstract

32. Amaral JF, Thompson WR. Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese. Am J Surg. 1985 Apr;149(4):551-7. Abstract

33. Aune D, Vatten LJ. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Mar;30(2):368-73. Abstract

34. Noel RA, Braun DK, Patterson RE, et al. Increased risk of acute pancreatitis and biliary disease observed in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2009 May;32(5):834-8. Abstract

35. Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Significant association between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Aug;61(8):2389-96. Abstract

36. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Aug;86(8):1000-5. Abstract

37. Stolk MF, van Erpecum KJ, Koppeschaar HP, et al. Postprandial gall bladder motility and hormone release during intermittent and continuous subcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly. Gut. 1993 Jun;34(6):808-13.Full text  Abstract

38. Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H, et al. Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1474-81. Abstract

39. Becker CD, Fischer RA. Acute cholecystitis caused by ceftriaxone stones in an adult. Case Rep Med. 2009 Apr 26;2009:132452.Full text  Abstract

40. Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74. Abstract

41. Vítek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;33(9):799-810.Full text  Abstract

42. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):708-14. Abstract

43. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Gut. 2005 Jun;54(6):823-8. Abstract

44. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, et al. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):105-12. Abstract

45. Zhang JW, Xiong JP, Xu WY, et al. Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of gallstone diasease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jul;98(28):e16404.Full text  Abstract

46. Cen L, Pan J, Zhou B, et al. Helicobacter Pylori infection of the gallbladder and the risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2018 Feb;23(1):e12457.Full text  Abstract

47. Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jul;12(7):1090-100.e2Full text  Abstract

48. Aune D, Leitzmann M, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Phys Act Health. 2016 Jul;13(7):788-95. Abstract

49. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

50. Zhang YP, Zhao YL, Sun YL, et al. Physical activity and the risk of gallstone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Oct;51(9):857-68. Abstract

51. Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Keulemans YC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effect in patients with symptomatic gallstones awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology. 2006 Jun;43(6):1276-83. Abstract

52. Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology. 2007 May;45(5):1267-74. Abstract

53. Singer AJ, McCracken G, Henry MC, et al.Correlation among clinical, laboratory, and hepatobiliary scanning findings in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;28(3):267-72. Abstract

54. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 30;108(9):1400-15.Full text  Abstract

55. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Choosing wisely: testing for amylase. Sep 2016 [internet publication].Full text

56. Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, et al. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4:CD012010.Full text  Abstract

57. Ross M, Brown M, McLaughlin K, et al. Emergency physician-performed ultrasound to diagnose cholelithiasis: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Mar;18(3):227-35. Abstract

58. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Cagini L, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Crit Ultrasound J. 2013 Jul 15;5 Suppl 1:S11.Full text  Abstract

59. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Oct 7;139(7):547-57. Abstract

60. Kondo S, Isayama H, Akahane M, et al. Detection of common bile duct stones: comparison between endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and helical-computed-tomographic cholangiography. Eur J Radiol. 2005 May;54(2):271-5. Abstract

61. Karakan T, Cindoruk M, Alagozlu H, et al. EUS versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Feb;69(2):244-52. Abstract

62. Janssen J, Halboos A, Greiner L. EUS accurately predicts the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Sep;68(3):470-6. Abstract

63. Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Apr;67(4):660-8. Abstract

64. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;3(12):1238-44. Abstract

65. Polkowski M, Regula J, Tilszer A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for patients with intermediate probability of bile duct stones: a randomized trial comparing two management strategies. Endoscopy. 2007 Apr;39(4):296-303. Abstract

66. Meeralam Y, Al-Shammari K, Yaghoobi M. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS compared with MRCP in detecting choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in head-to-head studies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Jun 20;86(6):986-93. Abstract

67. Zhang J, Li NP, Huang BC, et al. The value of performing early non-enhanced CT in developing strategies for treating acute gallstone pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Mar;20(3):604-10. Abstract

68. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: right upper quadrant pain. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

69. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.Full text  Abstract

70. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105.e15.Full text  Abstract

71. Cotton PB, Durkalski V, Romagnuolo J, et al. Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following cholecystectomy: the EPISOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 May;311(20):2101-9.Full text  Abstract

72. Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.Full text  Abstract

73. Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.Full text  Abstract

74. Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.Full text  Abstract

75. Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.Full text  Abstract

76. Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60. Abstract

77. Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101. Abstract

78. McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32. Abstract

79. Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.Full text  Abstract

80. da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108. Abstract

81. Friis C, Rothman JP, Burcharth J, et al. Optimal timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review. Scand J Surg. 2018 Jun;107(2):99-106.Full text  Abstract

82. Vettoretto N, Arezzo A, Famiglietti F, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stones in the gallbladder and bile duct. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 11;4:CD010507.Full text  Abstract

83. Schacher FC, Giongo SM, Teixeira FJP, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus surgery for choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2019 Jul-Aug;18(4):595-600.Full text  Abstract

84. Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.Full text  Abstract

85. Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, et al; Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2368-86.Full text  Abstract

86. Testoni PA, Mariani A, Aabakken L, et al. Papillary cannulation and sphincterotomy techniques at ERCP: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy. 2016 Jul;48(7):657-83.Full text  Abstract

87. Eikermann M, Siegel R, Broeders I, et al; European Association for Endoscopic Surgery. Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2012 Nov;26(11):3003-39. Abstract

88. Costamagna G, Tringali A, Shah SK. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy. 2002 Apr;34(4):273-9. Abstract

89. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Risk factors predictive of late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term (more than 10 years) follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;97(11):2763-7. Abstract

90. Sugiyama M, Suzuki Y, Abe N, et al. Endoscopic retreatment of recurrent choledocholithiasis after sphincterotomy. Gut. 2004 Dec;53(12):1856-9.Full text  Abstract

91. Alobaidi M, Gupta R, Jafri SZ, et al. Current trends in imaging evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Emerg Radiol. 2004 Apr;10(5):256-8. Abstract

92. Kalimi R, Gecelter GR, Caplin D, et al. Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: sensitivity of sonography, cholescintigraphy, and combined sonography-cholescintigraphy. J Am Coll Surg. 2001 Dec;193(6):609-13. Abstract

93. Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, et al. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 30;(6):CD005440.Full text  Abstract

94. Leung JW. Does the addition of endoscopic sphincterotomy to stent insertion improve drainage of the bile duct in acute suppurative cholangitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Oct;58(4):570-2. Abstract

95. Congly S, Shaffer EA. Acute cholangitis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Adv Med Biol. 2012;45:147-62.

96. van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, de Vries AC, et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2009 Jul;250(1):68-75. Abstract

97. Dumonceau JM, Devière J. Novel treatment options for Bouveret's syndrome: a comprehensive review of 61 cases of successful endoscopic treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Nov;10(11):1245-55. Abstract

98. Cheng CL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;101(1):139-47. Abstract

99. Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1414-22.Full text  Abstract

100. Barkun AN, Rezeig M, Mehta SN, et al. Postcholecystectomy biliary leaks in the laparoscopic era: risk factors, presentation, and management. McGill Gallstone Treatment Group. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Mar;45(3):277-82. Abstract

101. Leung JW, Chan FK, Sung JJ, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced hemorrhage: a study of risk factors and the role of epinephrine injection. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995 Dec;42(6):550-4. Abstract

102. Nelson DB, Freeman ML. Major hemorrhage from endoscopic sphincterotomy: risk factor analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994Dec;19(4):283-7. Abstract