Last reviewed: 29 Oct 2023
Last updated: 20 Oct 2022
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- palpable breast tissue
- newborn age
- pubertal age
- older adult age
- accidental medication exposure in children
- chemical substance abuse
- acne in adult males
- obesity
- breast pain
- small or soft testicles
More key diagnostic factors
Other diagnostic factors
- erectile dysfunction or decreased libido
- nutritional supplements
- past history of abnormal sexual differentiation
- delayed secondary sex characteristics
- precocious puberty
- weight loss and malnutrition
- signs or symptoms of hypothalamic or pituitary disease
- signs or symptoms of liver failure (e.g., jaundice, ascites, spiders)
- signs or symptoms of hyperthyroidism (e.g., heat intolerance, weight loss, goiter)
- decreased body hair
- painless or enlarging testicular mass
- diminished strength or muscle atrophy
Other diagnostic factors
Risk factors
- anabolic steroid usage
- occupational exposure to embalming fluid or oral contraceptives
- contact with environmental phytoestrogens or phthalates
- prostate cancer
- gender identity disorder
- hyperthyroidism
- renal failure
- cirrhosis
- drugs that reduce testosterone synthesis
- drugs that impair testosterone action
- drugs that increase estrogen levels or stimulate estrogen receptors
- drugs with complex or unknown mechanisms
More risk factors
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- serum TSH
- serum creatinine
- serum LFTs
More 1st investigations to order
Investigations to consider
- serum total testosterone
- serum LH
- serum estradiol
- serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
- serum free testosterone
- serum beta hCG
- serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS)
- serum prolactin
- mammogram
- breast ultrasound
- core biopsy of breast (if cancer suspected)
- Testicular ultrasound
More investigations to consider
Treatment algorithm
ACUTE
adults
pubertal idiopathic gynecomastia
infantile and prepubertal gynecomastia
Contributors
Authors
Catherine B. Niewoehner, MD

Professor of Medicine
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
MN
Disclosures
CBN is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Dennis Styne, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Rumsey Chair of Pediatric Endocrinology
University of California
Sacramento
CA
Disclosures
DS declares that he has no competing interests.
Harold Carlson, MD
Professor of Medicine and Head of Endocrinology
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook
NY
Disclosures
HC is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
Glenn Braunstein, MD
Professor and Chairman
Department of Medicine
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
GB declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Breast cancer
- Benign breast masses
- Pseudogynecomastia
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Evaluation of nipple discharge
- Sexual and reproductive health
More GuidelinesPatient leaflets
Obesity - drugs and surgery
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