Resumo
Definição
Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of the male breast glandular tissue with firm tissue extending concentrically beyond the nipple. Histologically, gynecomastia is the benign proliferation of breast ducts and duct epithelial hyperplasia accompanied by varying amounts of inflammation, edema, stroma, and fibrosis. Male breast enlargement entirely due to adipose tissue is called pseudogynecomastia.[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Histology: gynecomastia; clusters of ducts, halos of edema, fibrous background; 5X magnificationFrom the collection of Catherine B. Niewoehner, MD [Citation ends].
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- palpable breast tissue
- newborn age
- pubertal age
- older adult age
- accidental medication exposure in children
- substance use disorder
- acne in adult males
- obesity
- breast pain
- small or soft testicles
其他诊断因素
- erectile dysfunction or decreased libido
- nutritional supplements
- differences in sex development (DSD)
- delayed secondary sex characteristics
- precocious puberty
- weight loss and malnutrition
- signs or symptoms of hypothalamic or pituitary disease
- signs or symptoms of liver failure (e.g., jaundice, ascites, spiders)
- signs or symptoms of hyperthyroidism (e.g., heat intolerance, weight loss, goiter)
- decreased body hair
- painless or enlarging testicular mass
- diminished strength or muscle atrophy
危险因素
- anabolic steroid usage
- prostate cancer
- hormone therapy for gender dysphoria
- drugs that reduce testosterone synthesis
- drugs that impair testosterone action
- drugs that increase estrogen levels or stimulate estrogen receptors
- occupational exposure to embalming fluid or oral contraceptives
- contact with environmental phytoestrogens or phthalates
- hyperthyroidism
- renal failure
- cirrhosis
- drugs with complex or unknown mechanisms
诊断性检查
首要检查
- serum TSH
- serum creatinine
- serum LFTs
需考虑的检查
- serum total testosterone
- serum LH
- serum estradiol
- serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
- serum free testosterone
- serum beta hCG
- serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS)
- serum prolactin
- mammogram
- core biopsy of breast (if cancer suspected)
- testicular ultrasound
- abdominal CT/MRI (if adrenal adenoma or carcinoma suspected)
治疗流程
adults
pubertal idiopathic gynecomastia
infantile and prepubertal gynecomastia
撰稿人
作者
Glenn Braunstein, MD
Professor of Medicine
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles
CA
利益声明
GB was a paid expert witness for Johnson and Johnson to help defend them against suits alleging that Risperdal® (risperidone) causes gynecomastia, but has not been active in this suit for over a year and a half. GB writes extensively on this topic and is the major author for gynecomastia in UpToDate. GB is currently revising his chapter on gynecomastia for the Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, Third Edition. GB is an author of references cited in this topic.
鸣谢
Dr Glenn Braunstein would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Catherine B. Niewoehner, a previous contributor to this topic.
同行评议者
Dennis Styne, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Rumsey Chair of Pediatric Endocrinology
University of California
Sacramento
CA
利益声明
DS declares that he has no competing interests.
Harold Carlson, MD
Professor of Medicine and Head of Endocrinology
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook
NY
利益声明
HC is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
鉴别诊断
- Breast cancer
- Benign breast masses
- Pseudogynecomastia
更多 Differentials指南
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