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Wrinkles

Last reviewed: 3 Apr 2025
Last updated: 11 Jan 2022

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presence of risk factors
  • age >40 years
  • chronic sun exposure
  • smoking
  • lines on face
  • horizontal neck folds
  • lines on dorsum of hands and wrists
  • dynamic lines
  • gravitational lines
  • deep wrinkles
  • fine wrinkles
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • skin laxity
  • dyschromia
  • dermal elastosis
  • erythema
  • telangiectasia
  • textural changes
  • actinic keratoses
Full details

Risk factors

  • genetic susceptibility
  • age >40 years
  • white skin
  • hyperdynamic muscular activity
  • chronic sun exposure
  • smoking
  • pollution
  • low socioeconomic class
  • low BMI
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • macrophotography
Full details

Tests to consider

  • skin biopsy
Full details

Emerging tests

  • profilometer
  • in vivo confocal microscopy

Treatment algorithm

ONGOING

no obvious wrinkles at rest or on animation

superficial wrinkles on animation only

deep wrinkles on animation only

superficial wrinkles at rest, deep wrinkles on animation

deep wrinkles and sagging skin at rest and deeper wrinkles on animation

Contributors

Authors

Dimitrios Dionyssiou, MD, PhD
Dimitrios Dionyssiou

Associate Professor in Plastic Surgery

Department of Plastic Surgery

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Greece

Disclosures

DD declares that he has no competing interests.

Efterpi Demiri, MD, PhD
Efterpi Demiri

Professor in Plastic Surgery

Department of Plastic Surgery

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Greece

Disclosures

ED declares that she has no competing interests.

Elisavet Lazaridou, MD, PhD
Elisavet Lazaridou

Professor

Second Department of Dermatology

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Greece

Disclosures

EL declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

George Hruza, MD

Clinical Professor of Dermatology and Otolaryngology

St. Louis University

St. Louis

Director

Laser and Dermatologic Surgery Center

Chesterfield

MO

Disclosures

GH has been reimbursed by Allergan, Dermik, and Colbar Life Sciences to attend educational symposia and has also been paid to teach other physicians. GH is a consultant for Ulthera and has received equipment for research from Syneron. GH is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Stephanos Papanastasiou, FRCSEd, MSc, EBOPRAS, FESSH

Consultant Plastic Surgeon

Lister Hospital

Stevenage

UK

Disclosures

SP declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 1988 Jun;124(6):869-71. Abstract

Bhawan J, Andersen W, Lee J, et al. Photoaging versus intrinsic aging: a morphologic assessment of facial skin. J Cutan Pathol. 1995 Apr;22(2):154-9. Abstract

Callaghan TM, Wilhelm KP. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part 2: clinical perspectives and clinical methods in the evaluation of ageing skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008 Oct;30(5):323-32. Abstract

Ogden S, Griffiths TW. A review of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Nov;159(5):1036-50. Abstract

Klein AW. Techniques for soft tissue augmentation: an 'A to Z'. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(2):107-20. Abstract

Papadavid E, Katsambas A. Lasers for facial rejuvenation: a review. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Jun;42(6):480-7. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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    • Global consensus guidelines for the injection of diluted and hyperdiluted calcium hydroxylapatite for skin tightening
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  • Patient information

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