Summary
Definition
Folate is an essential vitamin present in green vegetables, legumes, and some fruits. Deficiency generally arises due to dietary deficiency, malabsorption, drugs and toxins, and increased physiologic or pathologic demand for folate.[1] Megaloblastic anemia without neuropathy is the classic manifestation of folate deficiency.
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia: A. Peripheral blood smear of a patient with megaloblastic anemia. B. Peripheral blood smear of healthy individualPhotomicrograph from Mark J. Koury, MD; used with permission [Citation ends].
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- prolonged diarrhea
- loss of appetite and weight loss
- fatigue
- shortness of breath
- dizziness
- pallor
- headache
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- heart murmur
- signs of heart failure
- signs of alcohol-use disorder
- signs of hemolytic anemia
- signs of exfoliative dermatitis
- painful swallowing
- petechiae
- glossitis
- angular stomatitis
- neurologic deficits in children
Risk factors
- low dietary folate intake
- alcohol-use disorder
- pregnant or lactating
- prematurity
- intestinal malabsorptive disorders
- use of certain drugs
- congenital defects in folate absorption and metabolism
- states of increased cell turnover
- special diet
- chronic dialysis
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- peripheral blood smear
- CBC
- reticulocyte count
Tests to avoid
- red blood cell folate
Tests to consider
- serum folate
- serum vitamin B12
- serum LDH
- serum unconjugated bilirubin
- serum iron panel
- plasma or serum methylmalonic acid
- plasma homocysteine
- bone marrow aspirate/biopsy
Treatment algorithm
at risk of folate deficiency due to pregnancy or lactation
at risk of folate deficiency due to malabsorptive disorders, chronic hemolytic disorder, or chronic peritoneal dialysis
at risk of folate deficiency due to certain drugs
acquired: macrocytosis without anemia
acquired: macrocytic anemia
congenital: hereditary folate malabsorption
congenital: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms
congenital: cerebral folate transport deficiency
Colaboradores
Autores
Aśok C. Antony, MD, MACP
Chancellor’s Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematology-Oncology
Department of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis
IN
Declarações
ACA declares that he has no competing interests.
Agradecimentos
Dr Aśok C. Antony would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Mark Koury, Dr Allison Wheeler, Dr Mohammed Sika, Dr Lakshmi V. Srivaths, and Donald Mahoney Jr., previous contributors to this topic.
Declarações
MK, AW, MS, LVS, and DM declare that they have no competing interests.
Revisores
Ralph Green, MD, PhD, FRCPath
Professor and Chair
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
University of California Davis School of Medicine
Sacramento
CA
Disclosures
RG is the author of reference(s) cited in this topic.
Jack Metz, MB, BCh, MD, DSc(Med), FRCPath, FCAP, FRCPA, FRS(SA), DSc Med(Hon Caus)
Emeritus Professor and Consultant Haematologist
Dorevitch Pathology
Heidelberg
Victoria
Australia
Declarações
JM declares that he has no competing interests.
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Referências
Principais artigos
Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Zhang M, et al. Folate status in the US population 20 y after the introduction of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Nov 1;110(5):1088-97.Texto completo Resumo
Allen LH. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr Bull. 2008 Jun;29(2 suppl):S20-34. Resumo
Whitehead VM. Acquired and inherited disorders of cobalamin and folate in children. Br J Haematol. 2006 Jul;134(2):125-36.Texto completo Resumo
MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet. 1991 Jul 20;338(8760):131-7. Resumo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
- Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia
- Hereditary orotic aciduria
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisРекомендации
- Maternal and child nutrition: nutrition and weight management in pregnancy, and nutrition in children up to 5 years
- Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects
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