Acute cholecystitis

Consultant Upper GI Surgeon

Queen Alexandra Hospital

Portsmouth

UK

Declarações

JS declares that she has no competing interests.

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributor, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:

John Abercrombie FRCS

General and Colorectal Surgeon

Queen's Medical Centre

Nottingham

UK

Declarações

JA is a member of the Council of The Royal College of Surgeons of England and Clinical Lead for General Surgery, Getting It Right First Time. JA provides expert advice regarding suitability of surgical treatments for Spire Healthcare.

Charles Bellows MD

Professor of Surgery

University of New Mexico School of Medicine

Albuquerque

NM

Declarações

CB is an author of one study referenced in this topic. CB declares that he has no other competing interests.

Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Declarações

EQ declares that she has no competing interests.

Lead Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Declarações

SM works as a freelance medical journalist and editor, video editorial director and presenter, and communications trainer. In this capacity, she has been paid, and continues to be paid, by a wide range of organisations for providing these skills on a professional basis. These include: NHS organisations, including NICE, NHS Choices, NHS Kidney Care, and others; publishers and medical education companies, including the BMJ Group, the Lancet group, Medscape, and others; professional organisations, including the British Thoracic Oncology Group, the European Society for Medical Oncology, NCEPOD, and others; charities and patients’ organisations, including the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation and others; pharmaceutical companies, including Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and others; and communications agencies, including Publicis, Red Healthcare, and others. She has no stock options or shares in any pharmaceutical or healthcare companies; however, she invests in a personal pension, which may invest in these types of companies. She is managing director of Susan Mayor Limited, the company name under which she provides medical writing and communications services.

Lead Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Declarações

TAO declares that she has no competing interests.

Comorbidities Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Declarações

JC declares that she has no competing interests.

Drug Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Declarações

AM declares that he has no competing interests.

Consultant, Older People's Medicine

Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals

NHS Foundation Trust

Norwich

UK

Declarações

MP is the NHS representative on the board for Norwich Institute for Healthy Ageing (unpaid role). MP participated in a podcast on the evolving nature and importance of comorbidities for BMJ Best Practice in October 2024. MP is submitting an application to the NIHR Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) Grant Call on physical frailty, an Integrated Care Board (ICB) priority.

Consultant Nephrologist

Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham

Professor of Nephrology (honorary)

University of Birmingham

Birmingham

UK

Declarações

PC is immediate past-president and a trustee of UK Kidney Association (UKKA), which is the UK professional organisation that supports healthcare professionals involved in care for, and research, innovation and education in, kidney disease. UKKA has a broad remit with relationships with multiple partners and includes responsibility for UK Kidney Week, the major educational meeting for UK kidney professionals. PC is medical director for long-term conditions and prevention for NHS Birmingham and Solihull, with responsibilities that include commissioning and transformation of clinical care including areas relevant to the information on chronic kidney disease in the BMJ Best Practice Comorbidity Manager. PC has a non-remunerated research partnership with Boehringer Ingelheim into the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. PC has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca for leading educational meetings for chronic kidney disease and long-term conditions. PC is author of the BMJ Learning module on chronic kidney disease.

Consultant Cardiologist and Heart Failure Lead

Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science and NIHR Research Scholar and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer

University of Liverpool

Liverpool

UK

Declarações

RS has research grants from the British Heart Foundation, the NIHR, NHSX (Transformation Agency), AstraZeneca, Biotronik, and the University of Liverpool. RS has received speaker fees/honoraria and travel reimbursement for conferences from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Vifor, Medtronic, Biotronik, Pfizer, Daaichi Sankyo, Roche, and Boehringer. RS has been appointed to: NHS England GIRFT Clinical Lead; NHS England HF Clinical Lead for Cheshire and Merseyside ICB; NHS England PIFU Pathway Committee for Heart Failure (2021); British Cardiovascular Society Vice President-Elect Digital, Communications and Media Committee; British Society for Heart Failure Board Councillor; Clinical Advisory Board of UK’s patient-led charity Pumping Marvellous (2020); and NHS England HF Expert Group.

Associate Professor (Clinical)

University of Leicester

Honorary Consultant Respiratory Physician

Glenfield Hospital

Leicester

UK

Declarações

RAE has given a lecture for a non-promotional industry-led session on long COVID by Moderna in 2023 and provided consultancy for a long COVID project for Astra Zeneca over the past 36 months totalling <£3000. RAE is the Chief Investigator for a long COVID study funded by Genentec Roche by a grant awarded to the University of Leicester.

Consultant Physician and Head of Service

Diabetes and Endocrine Centre and the Diabetes Research Unit

Ipswich Hospitals NHS Trust

Ipswich

UK

Declarações

GR received funding from Menarini in 2024 to attend the European Association for the Study of Diabetes conference. GR declares he received speaker fees from Abbott and consultancy fees from Eli Lily. GR undertakes several research projects on behalf of East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust for pharmaceutical companies which are on the NIHR portfolio (he does not receive payment himself for these).

Consultant Liaison Neuropsychiatrist

King’s College Hospital

South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust

Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience

King’s College London

London

UK

Declarações

SP declares that he has no competing interests.

Consultant Geriatrician

Bunbury Regional Hospital

Western Australia Country Health Service

Bunbury

Western Australia

Visiting Professor

University of Cumbria

Carlisle

Honorary Clinical Associate Professor

University of Liverpool

Liverpool

UK

Declarações

AA has a limited company that is seeking consultancy work offering reviews of healthcare services, facilitation of workshops, advice/review of publications.

Consultant in Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine

University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust

Leicester

UK

Declarações

SA is a board member of Action for Smoking for Health (ASH), a healthcare charity related to tobacco control advocacy. SA is the National Specialty Advisor on Tobacco for NHS England and the Special Advisor for Tobacco for the Royal College of Physicians. SA undertakes research on the field of tobacco control but is not chief investigator for any studies at the time of making this declaration nor has he received any money or grants from pharmaceutical companies.

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Martin Cowie for his previous role as expert adviser for the cardiovascular disease information in the Comorbidities Manager.

Martin Cowie MD, MSc, FRCP, FRCP (Ed), FESC, FHFA, FACC

Professor of Cardiology

Imperial College London (Royal Brompton Hospital)

London

UK

Declarações

MC is chair of the European Society of Cardiology Digital Health Committee and a trustee of the Atrial Fibrillation Society. He has previously been a non-executive director of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. MC provides consultancy advice to AstraZeneca, Servier, Abbott, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Genomics PLC. MC declares that none of these interests is directly related to topics advised on for this project.

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Andrew Lewington for his previous role as expert adviser for the chronic kidney disease information in the Comorbidities Manager.

Andrew Lewington, BSc (Hons), MBBS, MEd, MD, FRCP

Consultant Renal Physician

Honorary Associate Professor

Nephrology Department

Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Head of MBChB

School of Medicine

University of Leeds

Leeds

UK

Declarações

AL has been the principal applicant/co-applicant for a number of grants including: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Research - multiplexed AKI biomarker detection with a single molecule biosensor; Leeds Cares - a novel, non-invasive diagnostic approach to assess kidney transplant health through the targeted measurement of biomarkers of kidney injury and immune response in kidney transplant recipients at the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Kidney Research Yorkshire - use of enhanced technology to characterise haemodialysis treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI); Bringing It Home - validation of a micro-sampling technique for measuring tacrolimus and creatinine remotely, and to fund a research nurse; British Renal Society - renal function assessment with point of care creatinine in diverse populations (RAPID), and several NIHR grants including on a) Improving the quality of post-discharge care following AKI b) An investigation into the use of remote blood sample collection to reduce health inequalities in patients with mental health disorders c) A comparison of remote blood collection devices: a human factor use study d) Defining the characteristics for a novel automatic device to monitor urine output in catheterised patients e) Leeds Medtech and In-vitro Diagnostic Cooperative Grant Extension f) Surgical MedTech Co-operative for the 2019/20 proof-of-principle funding stream g) A pilot investigation into the use of beta-trace protein for residual renal function estimation in haemodialysis h) Application of functional MRI to improve assessment of chronic kidney disease (AFiRM study) i) SuperResPath-Renal: Quantitative super-resolution technology for a fast, decentralised clinical diagnosis of renal pathologies. AL is the co-author of several manuscripts including on extracorporeal treatments, AKI, kidney function testing prior to contrast-enhanced CT, plasma exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis, COVID-19 rapid diagnostics, multimodal image-guided ablation on management of renal cancer in Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and a summary of NICE guidance on CKD. AL is the author of several book chapters on nephrology and AKI. AL has received expenses for accommodation and travel for conferences at which he has given lectures, other than those delivered virtually. AL was a member of the AKI Scientific Program Committee for the ISN World Congress of Nephrology 2020-2021 and Chair of this same committee in 2021-2022.

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Hamish McAuley for his previous involvement in the creation of comorbidity content relevant to asthma and COPD.

Hamish McAuley, MBBS, BSc, MRCP

Clinical Research Fellow

Specialist Registrar (ST5)

Department of Respiratory Sciences

University of Leicester

Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit

Glenfield Hospital

Leicester

UK

Declarações

HM declares that he has no competing interests.