Last reviewed: 3 Feb 2021
Last updated: 08 Jan 2020
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- penile pain
- band of retracted foreskin tissue beneath the glans
- swollen glans penis
- indwelling catheter
Other diagnostic factors
- erythema
- black tissue on the glans
- nonpliable glans penis
- inability to urinate freely
Risk factors
- lack of circumcision
- urinary catheterization
- dependence on a caregiver for daily hygiene
- tight foreskin
- phimosis
- poor hygiene
- bacterial infection
- parasitic infections
- lichen sclerosis
- diabetes
- penile piercing
- hemangiomas of the penis
- peripheral vascular disease
- inadequate circumcision
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors

Associate Professor
Pediatric Urology
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
RM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Assistant Professor of Urologic Surgery
Division of Pediatric Urology
Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt
Nashville
TN
Disclosures
JT declares that he has no competing interests.
Lecturer in Uro-oncology and Consultant Urological Surgeon
Department of Urology
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Cambridge
UK
Disclosures
VG declares that he has no competing interests.
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