Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- maternal history of polyhydramniosis
- inability to swallow secretions
- inability to pass a nasogastric tube
Other diagnostic factors
- labored respiration
- coughing
- choking
- VACTERL association
- cyanosis
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Assistant Professor
UC Department of Surgery
UC Department of Pediatrics
Cincinnati Children's Hospital
Cincinnati
OH
Disclosures
AJB declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Alexander J. Bondoc would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Steven S. Rothenberg, a previous contributor to this topic.
Peer reviewers
Surgeon in Chief
Professor of Surgery
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Children's Hospital of Michigan
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Detroit
MI
Disclosures
MDK declares that he has no competing interests.
Clinical Director
Division Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Pittsburgh
PA
Disclosures
TDK declares that he has no competing interests.
Emeritus Nuffield Professor of Paediatric Surgery
Institute of Child Health
University College
London
UK
Disclosures
LS declares that he has no competing interests.
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