Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- malpositioned or absent testis
- palpable cryptorchid testis
- nonpalpable testis
Other diagnostic factors
- testicular asymmetry
- scrotal hypoplasia or asymmetry
- retractile testis
- ascending cryptorchidism
- hypospadias
- micropenis
- secondary sex characteristics/pubertal signs in prepubertal/pubertal patients
- surgical scar in the inguinal region
Risk factors
- family history of cryptorchidism
- prematurity
- low birth weight (<2.5 kg) and/or small for gestational age
- environmental exposures
- maternal alcohol use
- gestational diabetes
- prior inguinal surgery
დიაგნოსტიკური კვლევები
1-ად შესაკვეთი გამოკვლევები
- clinical diagnosis
გასათვალისწინებელი კვლევები
- ultrasound
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- hormonal evaluation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test
- hormonal evaluation with Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), inhibin B, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- karyotyping
მკურნალობის ალგორითმი
retractile testicle(s)
undescended testicle(s): prepubertal, no hypospadias
undescended testicle(s): prepubertal, with hypospadias
undescended testicle: postpubertal
კონტრიბუტორები
ავტორები
David J. Chalmers, MD
Pediatric Urology
Maine Medical Center
Portland
ME
გაფრთხილება:
DJC declares that he has no competing interests.
მადლიერება
Dr David J. Chalmers would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Gabriel Belanger, Dr Duncan T. Wilcox, and Dr Nicol Corbin Bush, previous contributors to this topic.
გაფრთხილება:
DTW and NCB declare that they have no competing interests.
რეცენზენტები
Martin Koyle, MD
Professor Pediatric Urology
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto
Canada
Divulgaciones
MK declares that he has no competing interests.
Paul J. Turek, MD
Professor of Urology
Endowed Chair
Urologic Education
The University of California
San Francisco
CA
Divulgaciones
PJT declares that he has no competing interests.
Vincent Gnanapragasam, MBBS, BMedSci, PhD, FRCSEng, FRCSEd(Urol)
Lecturer in Uro-oncology and Consultant Urological Surgeon
Department of Urology
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Cambridge
UK
Divulgaciones
VG declares that he has no competing interests.
Jørgen Thorup, MD, PhD
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Denmark
Divulgaciones
JT is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
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Divulgaciones
Las afiliaciones y divulgaciones de los revisores por pares se refieren al momento de la revisión.
Referencias
Artículos principales
Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, et al. Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):611-6.Texto completo Resumen
Hutson JM, Clarke MC. Current management of the undescended testicle. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007 Feb;16(1):64-70. Resumen
Kolon TF, Herndon CD, Baker LA, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):337-45.Texto completo Resumen
European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo
Braga LH, Lorenzo AJ, Romao RLP. Canadian Urological Association-Pediatric Urologists of Canada (CUA-PUC) guideline for the diagnosis, management, and followup of cryptorchidism. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017 Jul;11(7):E251-60.Texto completo Resumen
Kollin C, Stukenborg JB, Nurmio M, et al. Boys with undescended testes: endocrine, volumetric and morphometric studies on testicular function before and after orchidopexy at nine months or three years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4588-95. Resumen
Artículos de referencia
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Diferenciales
- Differences of sex development (DSD)
- Female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Más DiferencialesGuías de práctica clínica
- Guidelines on paediatric urology
- Diagnosis, management, and followup of cryptorchidism
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