Summary
Definition
History and exam
Risk factors
- genetic
- infection
- local trauma
- stress
- smoking
- light skin
- alcohol intake (beer)
- greater body mass index (BMI)
Diagnostic investigations
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Assistant Professor
University of Pisa
Consultant Dermatologist
University Hospital of Pisa
Pisa
Italy
Disclosures
AC has served as an advisory board member and has been reimbursed as a consultant and/or speaker or has participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, Fresenius Kabi, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB-Pharma and Novartis; AC is also the author of references cited in this topic.
Dr Andrea Chiricozzi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr April W. Armstrong and Dr Tsu-Yi Chuang, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
TC declares that he has no competing interests. AWA is an investigator and consultant for Abbott, Amgen, and Janssen; AWA is also the author of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Western Infirmary, Glasgow
Consultant Dermatologist Dermatology
Glasgow
UK
Disclosures
DB is an author of a clinical practice guideline referenced in this topic. DB has been reimbursed as a consultant, researcher, and lecturer for Abbott, Leo, Pfizer, Merck, Janssen-Cilag, and Novartis.
Physician
Department of Dermatology
Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center
Vallejo
CA
Disclosures
PM declares that she has no competing interests.
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