Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- history of unexplained complaints or inconsistency over time
- unusual presentation relative to demographics
Other diagnostic factors
- symptoms more exaggerated while aware of being observed
- presentation for care at many different hospitals
- eyewitness evidence of the patient manipulating findings
- dramatic history of travel and acute illness (Munchausen subtype)
- multiple abdominal scars (Munchausen subtype)
- medications or medical paraphernalia found in an unusual location in a patient's room
Risk factors
- female sex (factitious disorder)
- medically related employment (factitious disorder)
- cluster B personality characteristics (factitious disorder)
- male sex (Munchausen subtype)
- single marital status (Munchausen subtype)
- age 40 to 50 years (Munchausen subtype)
- antisocial personality traits (Munchausen subtype)
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- clinical history and exam
Tests to consider
- cultures (e.g., blood or wound)
- serum C-peptide
- urine sulfonylureas
- urine electrolytes
- urine protein
- serum thyroglobulin
Treatment algorithm
suspected factitious disorder
Contributors
Authors
James L. Levenson, MD
Professor of Psychiatry
Internal Medicine and Surgery
Vice-Chair
Department of Psychiatry
Chair
Division of Consultation/Liaison Psychiatry
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond
VA
Disclosures
JLL is the author of a reference cited in this topic.
Acknowledgements
Prof Levenson would like to gratefully acknowledge Prof Christopher P. Kogut, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
CPK declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Tanveer Padder,
Consulting Psychiatrist
Padder Health Services
Laurel
MD
Disclosures
TP declares that he has no competing interests.
Marc Feldman,
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa
AL
Disclosures
MF receives royalties for two books on the subjects covered in this topic (Routledge publishing and American Psychiatric Publishing). He is also an author of references cited in this topic.
References
Key articles
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2022.
Asher R. Munchausen's syndrome. Lancet. 1951 Feb 10;1(6650):339-41. Abstract
Ford CV, Sonnier L, & McCullumsmith C. Chapter 12: Deception syndromes. In: Levenson JL, ed. The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of psychosomatic medicine and consultation-liaison psychiatry. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2018.
Sutherland AJ, Rodin GM. Factitious disorders in a general hospital setting: clinical features and a review of the literature. Psychosomatics. 1990 Fall;31(4):392-9. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Malingering
- Somatic symptom and related disorders
- Organic disease
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Assessment and management of adults and children in cases of fabricated or induced illness
- Munchausen by proxy: clinical and case management guidance
More GuidelinesPatient information
Factitious disorders
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