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Electrical injury

Last reviewed: 3 Apr 2025
Last updated: 13 Feb 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • loss of consciousness
  • prehospital CPR or defibrillation
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • low Glasgow Coma Scale score
  • burns
  • physical injuries
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • diminished peripheral pulses and poor capillary refill
  • low core body temperature
  • confusion
  • paralysis
Full details

Risk factors

  • age <6 years
  • construction industry workers
  • male sex
  • participation in outdoor sports
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • ECG
  • CBC
  • electrolytes
  • LFTs
  • coagulation studies
  • creatine kinase
  • urine myoglobin
  • cardiac enzymes (CK-MB and troponin)
  • toxicology screen
  • chest x-ray
Full details

Tests to consider

  • plain x-rays
  • head CT
  • head MRI
  • compartment pressure measurements
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

all patients

Contributors

Authors

Baljit Dheansa, MBBS, FRCS, MSc, FRCS (Plast)

Consultant Burns, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon

Honorary Senior Lecturer

Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

West Sussex

UK

Disclosures

BD is the Chair of the Data Monitoring Board of a trial studying enzymatic debridement of burns, and Chair of the Steering Committee of a trial studying LASER treatment of scars. He is also an expert witness in medicolegal cases involving burns, and regularly teaches on burn injury to students and health professionals.

Ahmed Hagiga, MBBCh, MRCS, MSc

Plastic Surgery Registrar

Plastic Surgery Department

Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

West Sussex

UK

Disclosures

AH declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Mr Dheansa and Mr Hagiga would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Juan Enrique Berner and Dr T Grant Phillips, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

JEB and TGP declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Stephen J. Ritz, DO

UPMC St. Margaret Family Medicine Residency and Faculty Development Fellowship

Osteopathic Family Practice/Rotating Internship Program

Pittsburgh

PA

Disclosures

SJR declares that he has no competing interests.

Catalina C. Ionita, MD

Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery

SUNY

Buffalo

NY

Disclosures

CCI declares that she has no competing interests.

Bernd Hartmann, MD

Chief Physician

Centre for Severe Burns Injuries with Plastic Surgery

Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin (Trauma Hospital Berlin)

Berlin

Germany

Disclosures

BH declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Spies C, Trohman RG. Narrative review: Electrocution and life-threatening electrical injuries. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Oct 3;145(7):531-7. Abstract

Davis C, Engeln A, Johnson E, et al. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of lightning injuries: 2014 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2014 Dec;25(4):S86-95.Full text  Abstract

American Heart Association. Part 10.9: electric shock and lightning strikes. Circulation. ​2005 Dec 13;112(24):IV-154-5.Full text

Arnoldo B, Klein M, Gibran, NS. Practice guidelines for the management of electrical injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;27(4):439-47. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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