Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- winter season
- current influenza outbreak
- unvaccinated
- fever with cough
Other diagnostic factors
- sore throat
- cervical lymphadenopathy
- dyspnea
Risk factors
- age ≥65 years
- age 6-59 months
- chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions
- diabetes
- hemoglobinopathy
- immunocompromise
- chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- pregnancy
- caregivers and household contacts of high-risk groups
- healthcare workers
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- clinical diagnosis
Investigations to consider
- molecular assays
- antigen detection tests
- viral culture
- serology
- chest x-ray
Treatment algorithm
exposure to infected individual(s) in at-risk population
adults
children
Contributors
Authors
Kyle Eggleton, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP(Dist)
Associate Dean Rural
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Disclosures
KE declares that he has no competing interests.
Rachel Roskvist, MBChB, FRNZCGP
Senior Lecturer
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Disclosures
RR declares that she has no competing interests.
Bruce Arroll, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Disclosures
BA declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Kyle Eggleton, Dr Rachel Roskvist, and Professor Bruce Arroll would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Cristine Radojicic, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
CR declares that she is on Advisory boards for CSL Behring and Speakers Bureau Biocryst.
Peer reviewers
Waleed Javaid, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Associate Professor
Medical Director of Infection Control
Infectious Disease
Department of Medicine
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse
NY
Disclosures
WJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Rachel L. Miller, MD, FAAAAI
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health Sciences
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York
NY
Disclosures
RLM declares that she has no competing interests.
Mark Sands, MD, FAAAAI
Chief
SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine
Division Allergy and Immunology
Buffalo
NY
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
An De Sutter, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
Ghent University
Ghent
Belgium
Disclosures
ADS declares that she has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Rhinovirus infection
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023-24 influenza season
- Canadian immunization guide chapter on influenza and statement on seasonal influenza vaccine for 2022-2023
More GuidelinesPatient leaflets
Flu
Antibiotics: what you need to know
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