Influenza infection
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- winter season
- current influenza outbreak
- unvaccinated
- fever with cough
Other diagnostic factors
- sore throat
- cervical lymphadenopathy
- dyspnea
Risk factors
- age ≥65 years
- age 6-59 months
- chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions
- diabetes
- hemoglobinopathy
- immunocompromised status
- chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- pregnancy
- caregivers and household contacts of high-risk groups
- healthcare workers
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- clinical diagnosis
Tests to avoid
- broad respiratory pathogen panels
- serology
Tests to consider
- molecular assays
- antigen detection tests
- viral culture
- chest x-ray
Treatment algorithm
exposure to infected individual(s) in at-risk population
adults
children
Contributors
Authors
Kyle Eggleton, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP(Dist)
Associate Dean Rural
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Declarações
KE declares that he has no competing interests.
Rachel Roskvist, MBChB, FRNZCGP, MHSc
Senior Lecturer
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Declarações
RR declares that she has no competing interests.
Bruce Arroll, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
Declarações
BA declares that he has no competing interests.
Agradecimentos
Dr Kyle Eggleton, Dr Rachel Roskvist, and Professor Bruce Arroll would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Cristine Radojicic, a previous contributor to this topic.
Declarações
CR declares that she is on Advisory boards for CSL Behring and Speakers Bureau Biocryst.
Revisores
Michael Ison, MD
Chief
Respiratory Diseases Branch
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Bethesda
MD
Declarações
MI declares that he has no competing interests.
Waleed Javaid, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Associate Professor
Medical Director of Infection Control
Infectious Disease
Department of Medicine
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse
NY
Declarações
WJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Rachel L. Miller, MD, FAAAAI
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health Sciences
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York
NY
Declarações
RLM declares that she has no competing interests.
Mark Sands, MD, FAAAAI
Chief
SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine
Division Allergy and Immunology
Buffalo
NY
Declarações
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
An De Sutter, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care
Ghent University
Ghent
Belgium
Declarações
ADS declares that she has no competing interests.
Créditos aos pareceristas
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Declarações
As afiliações e declarações dos pareceristas referem--se ao momento da revisão.
Referências
Principais artigos
Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5;68(6):e1-47.Texto completo Resumo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (flu). Feb 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024-25 Influenza Season. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo Resumo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age (addendum updated July 2, 2025): recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2025. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age (addendum updated July 2, 2025): recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2025. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Rhinovirus infection
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Statement on seasonal influenza vaccines for 2025-2026
- Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years of younger, United States, 2025
Mais DiretrizesFolhetos informativos para os pacientes
Flu
Antibiotics: what you need to know
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