Evaluation of hypernatremia

Last reviewed: 10 Nov 2024
Last updated: 02 Jun 2023

Summary

Differentials

Common

  • Central diabetes insipidus
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
  • Postobstructive diuresis
  • Severe diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Limited access to water
Full details

Uncommon

  • Primary hypodipsia
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Primary aldosteronism
  • Laxative and bowel cleansing agent use
  • Enteric fistulae
  • Diuretics
  • Heat exposure
  • Exercise
  • Fever
  • Severe burns
  • Inadequate breast-feeding of infants
  • Salt ingestion
  • High-protein diet
  • Use of intravenous sodium chloride
  • Use of intravenous sodium bicarbonate
  • Enteral feeding
Full details

Contributors

Authors

Ghania Masri, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine

University of Florida

College of Medicine Jacksonville

Jacksonville

FL

Disclosures

GM declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Bryan M. Tucker, DO, MS, FASN

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Section of Nephrology

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston

TX

Disclosures

BMT declares that he has no competing interests.

Richard Quinton, MA, MD, FRCP

Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Endocrinology

Endocrine Unit

Royal Victoria Infirmary

Newcastle

UK

Disclosures

RQ declares that he has no competing interests.

Dimitris Chatzidimitriou, MD, PhD

PhD Biochemist

Department of Microbiology

Medical School

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki

Greece

Disclosures

DC declares that he has no competing interests.

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