Assessment of traumatic brain injury, acute

Last reviewed: 6 Apr 2025
Last updated: 10 Dec 2024

Summary

Differentials

Common

  • Skull fracture (excl. base of skull)
  • Base of skull fracture
  • Cerebral contusion
  • Intracerebral haemorrhage
  • Subdural haematoma
  • Epidural haematoma
  • Intraventricular haemorrhage
  • Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Penetrating injuries
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Mild traumatic brain injury
Full details

Contributors

Authors

Micelle J. Haydel, MD

Albert J. Lauro Professor of Medicine/Emergency Medicine

Clinical Professor Medicine/Emergency Medicine

Section of Emergency Medicine

Louisiana State University Health Science Center

New Orleans

LA

Disclosures

MJH is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Acknowledgements

Dr Micelle J. Haydel would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Victoria E. Johnson, Dr Marek Ma, Dr Nathan Ranalli, and Dr Douglas H. Smith, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

VEJ, MM, NR, and DHS declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

David W. Wright, MD

Director of Research

Department of Emergency Medicine

Emory University

Atlanta

GA

Disclosures

DWW declares that he has no competing interests.

David Sharp, MBBS, BA, MRCP, PhD

Senior Lecturer In Neurology

Imperial College

London

UK

Disclosures

DS declares that he has no competing interests.

References

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Key articles

Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017 Jan 1;80(1):6-15.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Mar;20(3s suppl 1):S1-82.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging; Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S13-36.Full text  Abstract

Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Nov 1;172(11):e182853.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Assessment of traumatic brain injury, acute images
  • Guidelines

    • ACS Trauma Quality Programs (TQP) best practices guidelines for the management of traumatic brain injury
    • Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with mild traumatic brain injury
    More Guidelines
  • Calculators

    Glasgow Coma Scale

    Canadian Head CT Rule for Minor Head Injury

    More Calculators
  • Videos

    Venepuncture and phlebotomy animated demonstration

    More videos
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