Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- history of prior pelvic surgery
- irregular menstrual cycles
- hirsutism
- acne
- palpable uterine abnormalities
- adnexal abnormalities
- galactorrhea
Other diagnostic factors
- dyspareunia
- cul de sac abnormalities
Risk factors
- age >35 years
- history of sexually transmitted infection
- very high body fat
- very low body fat
- cigarette smoking
- autoimmune disease
- history of appendicitis
- history of cesarean or instrumental vaginal delivery
- psychiatric disease
- substance misuse
- alcohol consumption
- caffeine consumption
- occupational or environmental exposures
- stress
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- semen analysis
- luteal-phase progesterone
- urinary luteinizing hormone (LH)
- transvaginal ultrasound scan
- chlamydia antibody testing
- hysterosalpingogram
- hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCosY)
- basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- saline infusion sonogram
- antral follicle count
- serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
Tests to avoid
- postcoital test
- immunologic test
- thrombophilia test
Tests to consider
- serum LH
- serum estradiol
- free serum testosterone
- serum TSH
- celiac disease testing
- serum prolactin
- 3-dimensional ultrasonography
- pelvic MRI
- laparoscopy and hysteroscopy
- karyotyping
Treatment algorithm
with underlying or associated medical condition
anovulatory
tubal
endometriosis- or adenomyosis-related
age-related
damaged/missing uterus
endometrial polyps or uterine septum
unexplained
Contributors
Authors
Andrew Drakeley, MBChB, MD, FRCOG
Consultant Gynaecologist
Hewitt Fertility Centre
Liverpool Women's Hospital
Liverpool
UK
გაფრთხილება:
AD is Director and stock holder of IVF 2.0 and Horizon Fertility. AD is an advisor to TMRW Life Sciences and Cambridge Clinical Laboratories, and has received conference attendance support from Ferring, Merck, IBSA, and Theramex Pharma.
Lewis Nancarrow, MD, MRCOG
Subspecialty Trainee in Reproductive Medicine
Hewitt Fertility Centre
Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool
UK
გაფრთხილება:
LN has been reimbursed for conference attendances by Ferring and for presenting at a fertility nurses conference by IBSA.
მადლიერება
Dr Andrew Drakeley and Dr Dr Lewis Nancarrow would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Daphne Chong, Dr Jane A. Stewart, and Dr Jared C. Robins, previous contributors to this topic.
გაფრთხილება:
DC declares that she has no competing interests. JAS is a past Chair of the British Fertility Society; she is also the head of a large NHS fertility service. JCR declares that he has no competing interests.
რეცენზენტები
Daniel Williams, MD
Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati
OH
გაფრთხილება:
DW declares that he has no competing interests.
Mira Aubuchon, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology
University College of Medicine
Cincinnati
OH
გაფრთხილება:
MA declares that she has no competing interests.
Stephanie Dahl, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of North Dakota School of Medicine
Fargo
ND
გაფრთხილება:
SD declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
წყაროები
ძირითადი სტატიები
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. Sep 2017 [internet publication].სრული ტექსტი
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Unexplained infertility: guideline of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. 2023 [internet publication].სრული ტექსტი
Buckett W, Sierra S. The management of unexplained infertility: an evidence-based guideline from the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society. Reprod Biomed Online. 2019 Oct;39(4):633-40.სრული ტექსტი აბსტრაქტი
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2020 Feb;113(2):305-22.სრული ტექსტი აბსტრაქტი
გამოყენებული სტატიები
ამ თემაში მოხსენიებული წყაროების სრული სია ხელმისაწვდომია მომხმარებლებისთვის, რომლებსაც აქვთ წვდომა BMJ Best Practice-ის ყველა ნაწილზე.
დიფერენციული დიაგნოზები
- Male factor infertility
მეტი დიფერენციული დიაგნოზებიგაიდლაინები
- Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for uterine septum: a guideline
- Prevention of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a guideline
მეტი გაიდლაინებიპაციენტის ბროშურები
Fertility problems: some reasons
Fertility problems: what are the treatment options?
მეტი პაციენტის ბროშურები
შედით სისტემაში ან გამოიწერეთ BMJ Best Practice
ამ მასალის გამოყენება ექვემდებარება ჩვენს განცხადებას