Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- seizures
- nuchal rigidity
- decreased level of consciousness
- focal neurologic deficit
Risk factors
- smoking
- moderate- to high-level alcohol consumption
- FHx subarachnoid hemorrhage
- previous subarachnoid hemorrhage
- heritable connective tissue disease
- hypertension
- head trauma
- intracranial infection
- tumor
- arteriovenous malformations or fistulas
- drug abuse
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- conventional catheter-based angiogram
- CT angiography
- magnetic resonance angiography
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Neurosciences
Neurosurgical Unit
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
Disclosures
GG declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Grasso would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Michael Chen, the previous contributor to this monograph. MC is an author of a reference cited in this monograph.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Research Director
Stroke Center/The Neurological Institute
Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
JHC declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant Neurologist
Addenbrookes Hospital
Cambridge
UK
Disclosures
PM declares that he has no competing interests.
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