Summary
Differentials
Common
- Current diuretic therapy
- Gastric secretion loss
- Post-diuretic therapy
- Post-hypercapnia
- Bicarbonate administration
- Milk-alkali syndrome
Uncommon
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
- Secondary hyperaldosteronism
- Renal artery stenosis
- Cushing's syndrome
- Liquorice ingestion
- Tobacco chewing
- Apparent mineralocorticoid excess
- Liddle's syndrome
- Bartter's syndrome
- Gitelman's syndrome
- Profound potassium depletion
- Hypercalcaemia of non-hyperparathyroid aetiology
- Post-starvation refeeding syndrome
- Transfusion of blood products (sodium citrate)
- Villous adenoma
- Chloride diarrhoea
- Cystic fibrosis
Contributors
Authors
Dinkar Kaw, MD, FACP, FASN
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Department of Medicine
University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
Toledo
OH
Disclosures
DK declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Dinkar Kaw would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Joseph I. Shapiro, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
JIS declared that he had no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Chris Abbiss, BSc
School of Exercise
Biomedical and Health Science
Edith Cowan University
Western Australia
Disclosures
CA declares that he has no competing interests.
Mark Cowan, MD, FCCP
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
The University of Maryland
Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
MICU Director
Baltimore VA Medical Center
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
MC declares that he has no competing interests.
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