When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Encephalitis

Last reviewed: 1 Apr 2025
Last updated: 04 Mar 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • fever
  • rash
  • altered mental state
  • focal neurologic deficit
  • meningismus
  • parotitis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • optic neuritis
  • acute flaccid paralysis
  • movement disorder
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • cough
  • gastrointestinal infection
  • seizures
  • biphasic illness
  • autonomic and hypothalamic disturbances
  • myocarditis/pericarditis
  • jaundice
  • arthritis
  • retinitis
  • parkinsonism
Full details

Risk factors

  • age <1 or >65 years
  • immunodeficiency
  • vector exposure and/or animal bites
  • location
  • vaccination
  • postinfection
  • blood/body fluid exposure
  • organ transplantation
  • season
  • occupation
  • hunting/trekking in woods
  • swimming or diving in warm freshwater or nasal/sinus irrigation
  • spelunking (cave-exploring)
  • death in animals
  • cancer
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • CBC
  • peripheral blood smear
  • serum electrolytes
  • liver function tests
  • blood cultures
  • throat swab
  • nasopharyngeal aspirate
  • chest radiography
  • CT brain
  • MRI brain
  • electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
  • CSF culture
  • CSF serology
  • CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Full details

Tests to consider

  • stool enteroviral culture
  • sputum culture
  • IgG and IgM antibodies (blood or CSF)
  • PCR (blood)
  • HIV serology/RNA test
  • CSF biomarkers/prion protein assay
  • paraneoplastic antibodies (blood and CSF)
  • abdominal/pelvic ultrasound
  • whole-body CT
  • whole-body PET scans
  • magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • next-generation sequencing of CSF
  • brain biopsy
Full details

Treatment algorithm

INITIAL

immunocompetent host: suspected viral etiology

immunocompromised host: suspected viral etiology

ACUTE

confirmed herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis

confirmed varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis

confirmed cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis

confirmed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis

confirmed herpes B encephalitis

confirmed human herpes 6 encephalitis

confirmed nonherpes virus etiology

nonviral etiology

ONGOING

convalescent phase: all etiologies

Contributors

Authors

Sung G Ji, MD, PhD

Behavioral Neurology Fellow

Department of Neurology

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

SGJ declares that he has no competing interests.

Payal B. Patel, MD

Assistant Professor of Neurology

Department of Neurology

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

PBP has received research funding support from the National Institute of Health and Bayer Pharmaceuticals. PBP has received an honorarium as an author from Medlink Neurology and Continuum Neurology.

Acknowledgements

Dr Payal B. Patel would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Leo H. Wang, Dr Louise T. Wang, Dr Catalina C. Ionita, Dr Manjunath Markandaya, Dr David Janicke, Dr Robert Schmidt, and Dr Kimiko Domoto-Reilly, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

LHW, LTW, CCI, MM, DJ, RS, and KDR declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Alejandro Rabinstein, MD

Professor of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester

MN

Disclosures

AR has participated in advisory board meetings for Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, and Shionogi.

Rodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH, FIDSA

Professor of Medicine

UT Health McGovern Medical School

Houston

TX

Disclosures

RH has received research support and personal fees from Biomeriaux (Biofare Diagnostics).

Russel Dale, MBChB, MRCPCH, MSc, PhD

Professor of Paediatric Neurology

The University of Sydney

Consultant Neurologist

The Children's Hospital at Westmead

Sydney

Australia

Disclosures

RD declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;57(8):1114-28.Full text  Abstract

Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):347-73.Full text  Abstract

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Full text  Abstract

Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012 May;64(5):449-77.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Encephalitis images
  • Differentials

    • Viral meningitis
    • Encephalopathy (toxic/metabolic)
    • Status epilepticus
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases
    • Canadian consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in adults
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Meningitis and septicemia

    Lumbar puncture

    More Patient information
  • padlock-lockedLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer