Summary
Differentials
Common
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Bladder cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Kidney stone
- Instrumentation of the urinary tract
- Menstruation
Uncommon
- Renal trauma
- Bladder trauma
- Urethral trauma
- Sickle cell anemia
- Coagulopathy
- Cystic renal disease
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Alport syndrome
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- Benign familial hematuria (thin basement membrane nephropathy)
- Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- IgA nephropathy
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Renal cancer
- Metastatic cancer
- Urethral cancer
- Penile cancer
- Placenta percreta
- Endometriosis
- Bladder stone
- Radiation cystitis
- Nephrotoxic/cytotoxic medications
- Anticoagulation
- Exercise-induced hematuria
- Loin pain hematuria syndrome
- Medication
- Food-related
Contributors
Authors
Simon Y. Kimm, MD

Clinical Fellow and Instructor
Division of Urologic Oncology
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
SYK declares that he has no competing interests.
Jeffrey H. Reese, MD

Department of Urology
Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
San Jose
Clinical Professor of Urology
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
CA
Disclosures
JHR declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Lynda Frassetto, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of California at San Francisco
CA
Disclosures
LF declares that she has no competing interests.
Michael Fischer, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of Illinois
Chicago College of Medicine
Department of Nephrology
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
MF declares that he has no competing interests.
Junaid Masood, MBBS, FRCS (Eng), MSc (Urol), FRCS (Urol)
Consultant Urological Surgeon
Bart's and The London NHS Trust
London
UK
Disclosures
JM declares that he has no competing interests.
Vinod Nargund, PhD, FRCS (Urol), FEBU
Consultant Urological Surgeon
Homerton University and Bartholomew's Hospitals
London
UK
Disclosures
VN declares that he has no competing interests.
References
Key articles
Nielsen M, Qaseem A. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Apr 5;164(7):488-97.Full text Abstract
Morey AF, Broghammer JA, Hollowell CMP, et al. Urotrauma guideline 2020: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2021 Jan;205(1):30-5.Full text Abstract
European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on urological trauma. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: hematuria. 2019 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
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