Summary
Differentials
Common
- Cystitis
- Urethritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Vulvovaginitis (including bacterial vaginosis)
- Balanitis
- Acute prostatitis
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Urolithiasis
- Local irritants
Uncommon
- Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Epididymo-orchitis
- Cervicitis
- Schistosomiasis
- Tuberculosis
- Urethral stricture/stenosis
- Instrumentation or catheterization
- Sexual abuse
- Athletics
- Interstitial cystitis
- Atrophic vaginitis
- Spondyloarthropathies
- Noninfectious prostatitis
- Ketamine bladder
- Urinary fistula
- Prostate cancer
- Bladder cancer
- Renal cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Urethral cancer
- Penile cancer
- Drugs or herbs
Contributors
Authors
Kasra Saeb-Parsy, BSc, MBBS, AFHEA, FRCSEd (Urol)
Consultant Urologist
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Cambridge
UK
Honorary Lecturer
Anglia Ruskin University
Cambridge
UK
Disclosures
KS-P declares that he has no competing interests.
Elaine Lee, MBBS, MA, FRCS (Urol)
Functional Urology Fellow
Eastern Health
Melbourne
Australia
Disclosures
EL declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Kasra Saeb-Parsy and Elaine Lee would like to acknowledge Dr Vincent J. Gnanapragasam, a previous contributor to this topic.
Disclosures
VJG declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Robert Pickard, MD, FRCS (Urol)
Professor of Urology
Institute of Cellular Medicine
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK
Disclosures
RP has received funding from the UK NHS (NIHR) to undertake commissioned reviews of treatment for benign prostatic enlargement.
George Martin, MD
Instructor
Department of Urology
Mayo Clinic
Scottsdale
AZ
Disclosures
GM declares that he has no competing interests.
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