Acute cystitis

The most common aetiological organism implicated in acute cystitis is Escherichia coli.

For uncomplicated acute cystitis, diagnosis may be made according to history alone.

For complicated cases of cystitis, urinalysis and culture are typically required as part of the diagnostic work-up.

Complicating factors include anatomical or functional abnormalities within the urinary tract, male sex, pregnancy, immunosuppression (e.g., renal transplant), diabetes, incomplete voiding, indwelling urinary catheter, recent instrumentation, healthcare-associated infection, or history of infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms or other multi-drug resistant organisms.

Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for both uncomplicated and complicated acute cystitis. Complicated cases require a longer and more aggressive antibiotics course.

Acute cystitis is a lower urinary tract infection affecting the urinary bladder. It is most commonly seen in young, sexually active women. Infection is usually the result of Escherichia coli, or other bacteria that are normally found in the gastrointestinal tract or vagina, being introduced into the urethra (e.g., during sexual intercourse). Acute cystitis can be classified as complicated or uncomplicated based on the presence or absence of anatomical or functional abnormalities within the urinary tract, or specific patient factors (e.g., immunosuppression) that affect how straightforward the infection is to treat.​