Summary
Definição
História e exame físico
Principais fatores diagnósticos
- age 20-50 years
- female sex
- dyspnea
- accentuated pulmonic component (P2) to the second heart sound
- tricuspid regurgitation murmur
- family history
Outros fatores diagnósticos
- fatigue
- peripheral edema
- cyanosis
- stimulant use
- syncope
- chest pain
- near syncope
- early diastolic, high-pitched murmur in the pulmonary area
- jugular vein distension
Fatores de risco
- family history
- female sex
- bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) mutations
- appetite suppressants
- drugs and toxins
Investigações diagnósticas
Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas
- chest radiography
- ECG
- transthoracic Doppler echocardiography
- right heart catheterization
- antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
- pulmonary function tests
- arterial blood gas (ABG)
- nocturnal oximetry
- ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy
- 6-minute walk test
- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)
- CBC
- LFTs
- thyroid function tests
- HIV serology
Investigações a serem consideradas
- high-resolution chest CT scan ± CT pulmonary angiography
- cardiac MRI
- vasodilator testing with inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled iloprost, or intravenous epoprostenol
Algoritmo de tratamento
positive response to acute vasoreactivity testing with no contraindication to calcium-channel blockers
negative response to acute vasoreactivity testing or contraindication to calcium-channel blockers: without cardiopulmonary comorbidity
Colaboradores
Autores
Muhammad Sameed, MD
Director Advance Lung Disease Program
Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital - Einstein Health
Philadelphia
PA
Declarações
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Gustavo A. Heresi, MD, MS
Director, Pulmonary Vascular and CTEPH Program
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Respiratory Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland
OH
Declarações
GAH has received speaking and advisory board fees from Bayer Healthcare, the manufacturer of riociguat.
Agradecimentos
Dr Muhammad Sameed and Dr Gustavo A. Heresi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Raed A. Dweik, a previous contributor to this topic.
Declarações
RAD declares that he has no competing interests.
Revisores
Michael J. Krowka, MD
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Rochester
MN
Declarações
MJK declares that he has no competing interests.
Charlie Elliot, MB ChB, MRCP
Consultant Physician in Respiratory and General Internal Medicine
Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit
Royal Hallamshire Hospital
Sheffield
UK
Declarações
CE has received reimbursement for attending several conferences as well as lecture fees from Actelion Pharmaceuticals, GSK, and Bayer.
Maria Giovanna Triveri, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Cardiology,
Medical Director of the Pulmonary Hypertension Program
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital
New York
NY
Declarações
MGT has participated on Advisory Boards of Bayer and Actelion and received financial compensation for attendance.
Créditos aos pareceristas
Os tópicos do BMJ Best Practice são constantemente atualizados, seguindo os desenvolvimentos das evidências e das diretrizes. Os pareceristas aqui listados revisaram o conteúdo pelo menos uma vez durante a história do tópico.
Declarações
As afiliações e declarações dos pareceristas referem--se ao momento da revisão.
Referências
Principais artigos
Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan;53(1):1801913.Texto completo Resumo
Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al; ESC/ERS Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 11;43(38):3618-731. [Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2023 Feb 23:ehad005.]Texto completo Resumo
Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Aug;107(2):216-23. Resumo
Klinger JR, Elliott CG, Levine DJ, et al. Therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults: update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2019 Mar;155(3):565-86. [Erratum in: Chest. 2021 Jan;159(1):457.] Resumo
Frost A, Badesch D, Gibbs JSR, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan;53(1):1801904.Texto completo Resumo
Galiè N, Channick RN, Frantz RP, et al. Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan;53(1):1801889.Texto completo Resumo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with left-sided heart disease (pulmonary venous hypertension)
- PAH associated with respiratory diseases and/or hypoxia
- PAH due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Pulmonary rehabilitation for adults with chronic respiratory disease
- 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension
Mais Diretrizes
Conectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice
O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal