Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- cough
- tachypnea
- wheezing
- retractions, grunting, and nasal flaring
Other diagnostic factors
- rhinitis
- fluctuating clinical findings
- fever <104°F (<40°C)
- apnea
Risk factors
- infants <3 years
- November to May
- prematurity or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- passive tobacco smoke exposure
- impaired airway clearance and function
- congenital heart disease
- immunodeficiency
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rapid antigen detection
- chest x-ray
- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Professor
Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia
PA
Disclosures
HP is a consultant for the development of a portable ventilator by Philips Respironics. He is a member of the American Thoracic Society's Guideline Committee, Long-Term Oxygen Therapy for Infants and Children, and Chair of the American College of Chest Physicians' Home Based Mechanical Ventilation and Neuromuscular Disease NetWork. He is a contributing author on the American Thoracic Society's Statement on the Care of the Child with Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy (cited in this topic) and receives royalties from Up-To-Date for the review of two topics.
Professor Panitch would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Isaac Desheng Liu, Dr Woon Li Seo, Dr Jennifer L. Nayak, Dr Caroline B. Hall, and Dr Clement L. Ren, previous contributors to this topic. IDL, WLS, JLN, and CLR declare that they have no competing interests. CBH is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Professor of Pediatrics
Women and Children's Hospital
Buffalo
NY
Disclosures
RW declares that he has no competing interests.
Wyeth Research Scholar Professor and Chair
Department of Pediatrics
WVU School of Medicine
Physician-in-Chief
WVU Children's Hospital
Morgantown
WV
Disclosures
GP declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Pediatrics
Infectious Disease
Department of Pediatrics
Tufts-New England Medical Center
Boston
MA
Disclosures
HCM is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Professor of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK
Disclosures
JH declares that he has no competing interests.
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