Last reviewed: 27 Oct 2022
Last updated: 26 Jul 2022
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- palpable thyroid nodule
- female sex
- history of head and neck irradiation
More key diagnostic factors
Other diagnostic factors
- early adulthood
- family history of thyroid cancer
- hoarseness
- dyspnea
- dysphagia
- tracheal deviation
- cervical lymphadenopathy
- rapid neck enlargement
Other diagnostic factors
Risk factors
- head and neck irradiation
- female sex
- family history of thyroid cancer
More risk factors
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- TSH
- ultrasound, neck
- fine-needle biopsy
- laryngoscopy
More 1st investigations to order
Investigations to consider
- free T4
- free T3
- I-123 thyroid scan and uptake
- core biopsy
- CT, neck
- serum calcitonin
- genetic testing for familial syndromes
More investigations to consider
Emerging tests
- ultrasound elastography
- molecular analysis of cytology specimens
- sentinel node biopsy
Treatment algorithm
ONGOING
papillary, follicular, or Hurthle
medullary
anaplastic
lymphoma
Contributors
Authors
Rajiv Datta, MD, FACS, FRCS, FICS
Chairman
Department of Surgery
Chief
Division of Surgical Oncology
Chief
Division of Head and Neck Surgery
South Nassau Hospital
Valley Stream
NY
Disclosures
RD declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Ashok R. Shaha, MD, FACS
Professor of Surgery
Cornell University Medical College
Attending Surgeon
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
ARS declares that he has no competing interests.
F. Fausto Palazzo, MS, FRCS
Consultant Endocrine Surgeon
Hammersmith & Charing Cross Hospitals
Clinical Lead for Endocrine Surgery
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Imperial College
London
UK
Disclosures
FFP declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Benign thyroid nodule
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma
- Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
More Guidelines
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