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Insomnia

Last reviewed: 5 Apr 2025
Last updated: 24 Jan 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • sleep partner complaints
  • delayed sleep onset
  • multiple or long awakenings
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • impairment of functioning
  • accidents
  • decreased sleep time
  • daytime napping
  • thyrotoxicosis
  • chronic pain
  • restless legs syndrome
  • obstructive sleep apnea
Full details

Risk factors

  • female sex
  • advanced age
  • chronic medical conditions
  • chronic pain
  • psychiatric illness
  • alcohol or substance misuse
  • stimulant use
  • poor sleep hygiene
  • traumatic brain injury
  • neuropsychiatric illness
  • use of certain medications
  • recent travel across time zones
  • night work
  • hyperthyroidism
  • participation in elite sport
  • sedentary behavior
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • sleep diary
  • Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
  • Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
  • Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)
  • Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
  • Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS)
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Full details

Tests to consider

  • polysomnography (PSG)
  • actigraphy
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • CBC and iron studies
  • urine or blood substance use panel
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

acute insomnia

ONGOING

chronic insomnia

Contributors

Authors

Health Sciences Clinical Professor

Director, UCLA Insomnia Clinic

Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology

Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences

David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Los Angeles

CA

Disclosures

JHC is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Clinical Professor

Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences

David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Los Angeles

CA

Disclosures

PB is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Clinical Professor

Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences

David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Los Angeles

CA

Disclosures

AER declares that he has no competing interests.

Dr Joshua Hyong-Jin Cho, Dr Paul Barkopoulos, and Dr Anthony E. Reading would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr John W. Winkelman, Dr Teofilo Lee-Chiong, and Dr Vipin Malik, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

JWW has received honoraria for consulting to Avadel, CVS, Eisai, and Merck, and research grants from Merck and the RLS Foundation. TLC is the Chief Medical Liaison for Philips, a company that makes devices to treat sleep apnea. VM received research funding from Philips Respironics for a study on COPD-OSA overlap.

Peer reviewers

Director

Sleep Disorders Center

Thomas Jefferson University Hospital

Philadelphia

PA

Disclosures

KD is a speaker for Sanofi-Aventis, King Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Sepracor, and Pfizer; a consultant for Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Sepracor, Pfizer, and Neurocrine Biosciences; and has stock in Merck.

Assistant Professor

Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry

The Johns Hopkins Hospital

Baltimore

MD

Disclosures

CUO declares that he has no competing interests.

Medical Director

Kings Harbor Multicare Center

Bronx

NY

Disclosures

RG declares that he has no competing interests.

Affiliate Assistant Professor

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

University of Washington Medical Center

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

CS declares that he has no competing interests.

Director

Melbourne Sleep Disorders Centre

Melbourne

Victoria

Australia

Disclosures

DC has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis and Lundbeck, and honoraria for speaking from Sanofi-Aventis.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.Full text

Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017 Feb 15;13(2):307-49.Full text  Abstract

Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, et al. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Jul 19;165(2):125-33.Full text  Abstract

Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, et al. Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Feb 1;17(2):255-62.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Differentials

    • Restless legs syndrome
    • Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)
    • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events
    • Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Insomnia

    Sleep apnea in adults (obstructive)

    More Patient information
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