Last reviewed: 6 Feb 2021
Last updated: 24 Jul 2018
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- prior oropharyngeal or facial trauma
- prior herpetic outbreak
- sensory/motor changes
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- intraoral radiographs
- MRI
- trigeminal reflex testing
Treatment algorithm
ACUTE
ONGOING
Contributors
Authors

Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery
Columbia University Medical Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
GM declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor Gaetan Moise would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Christopher J. Winfree, a previous contributor to this monograph. CJW declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Chief
Section of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery
North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
New York
NY
Disclosures
AYM declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor
Division of Neurosurgery
Duke University Medical Center
Durham
NC
Disclosures
RKO declares that he has no competing interests.
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