Viral gastroenteritis

Typically a self-limited condition lasting <14 days. Frequent symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which may be accompanied by fever, abdominal pain, and anorexia.

The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and is responsible for 80% of the gastroenteritis cases in the US.

Person-to-person transmission is responsible for infection in most sporadic cases. Foodborne and waterborne epidemic outbreaks have the potential to involve large numbers of people.

Mostly caused by norovirus.

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children. It also causes symptomatic infection in older people and in immunocompromised adults.

Diagnosis is usually made clinically. Although not routinely necessary, confirmation is by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), immunofluorescence assays (IFAs), microscopy, serology, and viral culture.

Optimal management is with oral rehydration therapy for mild and moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases, plus adequate nutrition. Routine use of antibiotics, antidiarrheal agents, and antiemetics is not recommended and may cause harm.

Prevention through good hygiene is the key to controlling viral gastroenteritis. In addition, rotavirus vaccines have been approved for infants.

Viral gastroenteritis is the acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines caused by enteropathogenic viruses. The typical presentation is an increased frequency of defecation lasting less than 14 days, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps, and fever.[1]Thielman NM, Guerrant RL. Clinical practice: acute infectious diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:38-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14702426?tool=bestpractice.com In rare cases, the volume depletion is significant enough to cause hospitalization or even death.