Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- incidental finding on biochemical testing
- history of osteoporosis or osteopenia
- family history of hyperparathyroidism or features suggestive of hypercalcemia
- nephrolithiasis
Other diagnostic factors
- poor sleep
- fatigue
- myalgia
- anxiety
- depression
- memory loss
- overt neuromuscular dysfunction
- cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction
- gastrointestinal symptoms
Risk factors
- female sex
- age ≥50-60 years
- multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1, 2A, or 4
- current or historical lithium treatment
- hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
- family history of PHPT
- history of head and neck irradiation
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- serum calcium
- serum intact PTH with immunoradiometric or immunochemical assay
Tests to consider
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D level
- serum alkaline phosphatase
- serum phosphorus
- 24-hour urinary calcium
- dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan
- trabecular bone score
- neck ultrasound
- technetium-99m sestamibi scanning
- single photon emission CT (SPECT)
- CT neck
- 4-Dimensional (4D) CT neck
- MRI neck
Emerging tests
- radiolabeled choline PET
- machine learning to identify primary hyperparathyroidism
Treatment algorithm
asymptomatic with surgical indications or symptomatic
asymptomatic with no surgical indications
Contributors
Authors
John Ayuk, MD
Consultant Endocrinologist
University Hospitals Birmingham
Birmingham
UK
Disclosures
JA declares that he has no competing interests.
Neil Gittoes, MD, PhD
Consultant Endocrinologist and Honorary Professor of Endocrinology
Associate Medical Director
University Hospitals Birmingham
Birmingham
UK
Disclosures
NG is an author of several references cited in this topic and is a member of the 2021 European Society of Endocrinology Educational Program of Parathyroid Disorders (PARAT) Working Group.
Acknowledgements
Dr John Ayuk and Professor Neil Gittoes would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Fausto Palazzo, Dr Swaroop Gantela, and Dr Nancy D. Perrier, the previous contributors to this topic. FP, SG, and NDP declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Brendan C. Stack Jr, MD, FACS, FACE
Chairman, Endocrine Surgery Section
American Head and Neck Society
Professor and former inaugural Chairman
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Springfield
IL
Disclosures
BCS declares that he has no competing interests.
Petros Perros, BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP
Department of Endocrinology
Elliott Building
Royal Victoria Infirmary
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
UK
Disclosures
PP declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Familial hypocalciuric hypercalemia (FHH)
- Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
- Multiple myeloma
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of diagnostic ultrasound of the thyroid and extracranial head and neck
- Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement and guidelines from the fifth international workshop
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