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Последний просмотренный: 27 Jan 2026
Last updated: 28 Feb 2024

Резюме

Определение

Анамнез и осмотр

Ключевые диагностические факторы

  • high fluid intake
  • fluid losses
  • history of diabetes mellitus
  • history of cirrhosis, nephrosis, congestive heart failure
  • nausea/vomiting
  • mild cognitive symptoms
  • altered mental status, seizures, coma
  • low urine output
  • weight changes
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • abnormal jugular venous pressure
  • poor skin turgor
  • dry mucus membranes
  • absence of axillary sweat
  • edema
  • rales or crackles on lung auscultation
  • polyuria
Полная информация

Другие диагностические факторы

  • history of hyperlipidemia or paraproteinemia
Полная информация

Факторы риска

  • older age
  • hospitalization
  • selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use
  • thiazide diuretic use
  • underlying medical conditions
  • severe hypothyroidism
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • malignancy
  • use of other medications
  • MDMA (ecstasy) use
Полная информация

Диагностические исследования

Исследования, которые показаны в первую очередь

  • serum sodium concentration
  • serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and glucose
  • serum osmolality
  • urine sodium concentration
  • urine osmolality
  • urine electrolytes
  • urine flow rate
  • electrolyte-free water excretion
  • fractional excretion of sodium
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • serum cortisol level and/or adrenocorticotropic hormone test
  • serum lipids and serum protein electrophoresis
Полная информация

Исследования, проведение которых нужно рассмотреть

  • CT brain, chest, abdomen/pelvis
  • other tests targeted at evaluating the underlying cause
Полная информация

Алгоритм лечения

Острый

acute onset (<48 hours) and/or symptomatic

ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ

chronic onset (≥48 hours) or asymptomatic

overcorrection of serum sodium concentration

Составители

Авторы

Judith H. Veis, MD
Judith H. Veis

Section Director

Nephrology

MedStar Washington Hospital Center

Washington

DC

Раскрытие информации

JHV declares that she has no competing interests.

Рецензенты

Gregor Lindner, MD

Director

Department of Internal & Emergency Medicine

Hirslanden Klinik Im Park

Zurich

Switzerland

Раскрытие информации

GL is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Michael E. Ullian, MD

Professor of Medicine

Division of Nephrology

Department of Medicine

Medical University of South Carolina

Charleston

SC

Раскрытие информации

MEU declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Список литературы

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Основные статьи

Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al; Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.Полный текст  Аннотация

Adrogué HJ, Tucker BM, Madias NE. Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia: a review. JAMA. 2022 Jul 19;328(3):280-91. Аннотация

Verbalis JG, Grossman A, Höybye C, et al. Review and analysis of differing regulatory indications and expert panel guidelines for the treatment of hyponatremia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Jul;30(7):1201-7. Аннотация

Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: compilation of the guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 May;28(5):1340-9.Полный текст  Аннотация

Статьи, указанные как источники

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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