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Chikungunya virus infection

Last reviewed: 31 Jul 2025
Last updated: 28 Aug 2025
28 Aug 2025

FDA suspends biologics license of live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine (Ixchiq®)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suspended the biologics license of the live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine (known commercially as Ixchiq®) in the US. The suspension is effective immediately (as of 22 August 2025) and requires the manufacturer to stop shipping and selling the vaccine in the US. The FDA believes that the vaccine is not safe as it appears to be causing chikungunya-like illness in recipients, and continued administration would pose a danger to public health.[48]

​The suspension follows the FDA’s decision on 6 August 2025 to remove a pause in the use of the vaccine in people ages ≥60 years. At the time, the agency approved updates to the prescribing information including revising the indication, adding limitations of use, and adding enhanced warnings and precautions to reflect serious adverse events picked up during postmarketing surveillance.[49]​ However, since then, four new cases of serious adverse events have been reported in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), prompting the FDA to suspend the vaccine’s license.[50]

In May 2025, use of the live-attenuated vaccine was paused in older patients (ages ≥60 years in the US and ages ≥65 years in Europe) due to postmarketing reports of serious adverse events, including cardiac and neurologic events, in people who received the vaccine.[51][52]​​ At the time, a review of the safety data revealed 28 cases of serious adverse effects, including encephalitis and chikungunya-like symptoms, and three deaths. The serious adverse effects were mainly reported in people ages ≥65 years and those with multiple or uncontrolled medical conditions. The adverse effects led to a worsening of the patients’ medical conditions or a deterioration in their general health, sometimes leading to hospitalization and death. Cases of encephalitis were rare.​[53]

The live-attenuated vaccine continues to be available in countries where it is still licensed.[50]

  • In Europe, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) also paused use of the vaccine in people aged ≥65 years in May 2025, but lifted the restriction in July 2025. The EMA currently recommends that, in people of all ages, the live-attenuated vaccine should only be given when there is a significant risk of chikungunya virus infection, and only after careful consideration of the risks and benefits of vaccination.[53]

  • In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has temporarily restricted use of the vaccine in people aged ≥65 years while it reviews the data.[54]

The live-attenuated vaccine was initially approved by the FDA under the accelerated approval pathway in November 2023. The clinical benefit of the vaccine has not yet been confirmed in clinical studies. It was the first vaccine to be approved for the prevention of disease caused by chikungunya virus. Over 80,000 doses have been used worldwide since its approval.

An adjuvanted recombinant virus-like particle vaccine (known commercially as Vimkunya®) was recently approved in the US and Europe for the prevention of disease caused by chikungunya virus for people ages ≥12 years. There have been no safety issues reported with this vaccine as yet.

See Management: prevention

Original source of update

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • history of mosquito bites
  • fever
  • arthralgias/arthritis
  • rash and other dermatological manifestations
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • comorbid illness
  • back pain
  • neuropathic-type pain
  • headache
  • lymphadenopathy
  • ocular manifestations
  • photophobia
  • sore throat
  • gastrointestinal manifestations
  • neurologic manifestations
  • hemorrhagic manifestations
Full details

Risk factors

  • Aedes mosquito bites
  • travel to/residence in endemic area
  • outdoor exposure
  • environmental factors favoring breeding of mosquitoes
  • neonate with infected mother
  • low educational level
  • age >40 years
  • male sex
  • blood transfusion
  • blood group O positive
  • comorbid illnesses (risk of more severe disease)
  • neonate (risk of more severe disease)
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • CBC with differential
  • LFTs
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • CRP
  • basic metabolic panel
  • serology
  • molecular testing
Full details

Tests to consider

  • musculoskeletal imaging
  • MRI brain
  • cerebrospinal fluid analysis
  • electromyogram
  • nerve conduction studies
  • electroencephalogram
  • placental histology
Full details

Emerging tests

  • viral culture or mice inoculation

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

confirmed acute infection

ONGOING

longer-term arthritis: symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

longer-term arthritis: symptoms of spondyloarthropathy

longer-term arthritis: undifferentiated polyarthritis

Contributors

Authors

Miguel G. Madariaga, MD, MSc, FACP
Miguel G. Madariaga

Infectious Diseases Consultant

Naples Community Hospital

Naples

FL

Disclosures

MGM declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Jessica Fairley, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Division of Infectious Diseases

Emory University

Atlanta

GA

Disclosures

JF declares that she has no competing interests.

Mala Chhabra, MBBS, MD

Joint Director

National Centre for Disease Control

Delhi

India

Disclosures

MC declares that she has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical testing and diagnosis for chikungunya virus disease. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Brito CAA, Marques CDL, Falcão MB, et al. Update on the treatment of musculoskeletal manifestations in chikungunya fever: a guideline. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20190517.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization.​ WHO guidelines for clinical management of arboviral diseases: dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines on clinical management of chikungunya fever. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment and prevention of chikungunya virus disease. May 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Chikungunya virus infection images
  • Differentials

    • Dengue fever
    • Zika virus infection
    • Oropouche virus disease
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Treatment and prevention of Chikungunya virus disease
    • WHO guidelines for clinical management of arboviral diseases: dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever
    More Guidelines
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