When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Zinc deficiency

Last reviewed: 21 Oct 2024
Last updated: 11 Jan 2022

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • increased susceptibility to infection
  • taste disorders
  • stomatitis
  • delayed wound healing
  • acrodermatitis enteropathica
  • fertility issues/adverse pregnancy outcomes
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • fatigue
  • gastrointestinal symptoms
  • short stature
  • bone fracture
  • impaired glucose tolerance
  • dermatitis
  • weight loss
  • alopecia
  • paronychia
  • fever
  • intention tremor
  • depression
  • impaired concentration
  • nystagmus
  • dysarthria
  • night blindness
  • hypogeusia
  • anosmia
  • blepharitis
  • dementia
Full details

Risk factors

  • living in a developing region
  • age >65 years
  • chronic gastrointestinal (GI) and liver disease
  • renal disease
  • sickle cell disease
  • diabetes mellitus
  • chronic treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, penicillamine, ethambutol, certain antibiotics
  • HIV infection
  • alcoholism
  • long-term vegetarian/vegan diets
  • specialized weight-loss diets
  • infants with nutrient-poor diets
  • family history of zinc deficiency
  • anorexia nervosa
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • serum or plasma zinc levels
  • serum iron level
  • serum 25-OH vitamin D level
  • serum folate
  • serum vitamin B12
Full details

Emerging tests

  • cell zinc content
  • analysis of zinc levels in hair
  • genetic testing for acrodermatitis enteropathica

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

acquired

acrodermatitis enteropathica

Contributors

Authors

Prashant Singh, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor

MI

USA

Disclosures

PS declares that he has no competing interests.

Judy Nee, MD

Instructor in Medicine

Division of Gastroenterology

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Boston

MA

Disclosures

JN declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Prashant Singh and Dr Judy Nee would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Daniel Leffler, a previous contributor to this topic.

Disclosures

DL declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Hajo Haase, PhD

Assistant Professor for low molecular weight immune regulators

Institute of Immunology

University Hospital

RWTH Aachen University

Aachen

Germany

Disclosures

HH has been reimbursed by Kohler Pharma, the manufacturer of UNIZINK, for attending a symposium and has received a fee for speaking at that symposium. HH is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Andrew Fenves, MD

Professor of Medicine

Baylor University Medical Center

Dallas

TX

Disclosures

AF declares that he has no competing interests.

  • Zinc deficiency images
  • Differentials

    • Hypothyroidism
    • Depression
    • Iron deficiency
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Japan's practical guidelines for zinc deficiency with a particular focus on taste disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver cirrhosis
    • 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
    More Guidelines
  • padlock-lockedLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer