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Anal cancer

Last reviewed: 17 Aug 2025
Last updated: 07 Jan 2025

Summary

定义

病史和体格检查

关键诊断因素

  • rectal bleeding
  • rectal pain
  • rectal mass
完整详情

其他诊断因素

  • anal discharge
  • anal itching
  • fecal incontinence
  • anal fistula
  • non-healing ulcer
  • inguinal node mass
  • features of distant metastasis
完整详情

危险因素

  • HPV
  • HIV
  • immunosuppression
  • receptive anal intercourse
  • multiple sexual partners
  • autoimmune disease
  • smoking
  • anal intraepithelial neoplasia
  • anal fistula
完整详情

诊断性检查

首要检查

  • anoscopy
  • biopsy of tumor
  • pelvis MRI scan
  • pelvis CT scan
  • abdominal and chest CT scan
完整详情

需考虑的检查

  • PET scan
  • inguinal node needle biopsy
  • serum HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  • cervical cancer screening
完整详情

治疗流程

急症处理

locoregional disease

distant metastatic disease

撰稿人

作者

Bruce D. Minsky, MD

Professor and Frank T. McGraw Endowed Chair

Radiation Oncology

MD Anderson Cancer Center

Houston

TX

利益声明

BDM declares that he has no competing interests.

同行评议者

Brian Czito, MD

Associate Professor

Department of Radiation Oncology

Duke University Medical Center

Durham

NC

利益声明

BC declares that he has no competing interests.

Lisa Kachnic, MD

Chief and Associate Professor

Department of Radiation Oncology

Boston University Medical Center

Boston

MA

利益声明

LK has received funding from the US Department of Defense to perform research on non-anal cancers. LK is the author of a study referenced in this topic.

Sue Clark, MD

Consultant Colorectal Surgeon

Assistant Director

The Polyposis Registry

St Mark's Hospital

Harrow

UK

利益声明

SC declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

参考文献

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

关键文献

Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.全文  摘要

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].全文

参考文献

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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