Summary
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- rectal bleeding
- rectal pain
- rectal mass
其他诊断因素
- anal discharge
- anal itching
- fecal incontinence
- anal fistula
- non-healing ulcer
- inguinal node mass
- features of distant metastasis
危险因素
- HPV
- HIV
- immunosuppression
- receptive anal intercourse
- multiple sexual partners
- autoimmune disease
- smoking
- anal intraepithelial neoplasia
- anal fistula
诊断性检查
首要检查
- anoscopy
- biopsy of tumor
- pelvis MRI scan
- pelvis CT scan
- abdominal and chest CT scan
需考虑的检查
- PET scan
- inguinal node needle biopsy
- serum HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- cervical cancer screening
治疗流程
locoregional disease
distant metastatic disease
撰稿人
作者
Bruce D. Minsky, MD
Professor and Frank T. McGraw Endowed Chair
Radiation Oncology
MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston
TX
利益声明
BDM declares that he has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Brian Czito, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Duke University Medical Center
Durham
NC
利益声明
BC declares that he has no competing interests.
Lisa Kachnic, MD
Chief and Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Boston University Medical Center
Boston
MA
利益声明
LK has received funding from the US Department of Defense to perform research on non-anal cancers. LK is the author of a study referenced in this topic.
Sue Clark, MD
Consultant Colorectal Surgeon
Assistant Director
The Polyposis Registry
St Mark's Hospital
Harrow
UK
利益声明
SC declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
参考文献
关键文献
Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.全文 摘要
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].全文
参考文献
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
鉴别诊断
- Hemorrhoids
- Rectal cancer
- Anal margin cancer
更多 鉴别诊断指南
- ACR appropriateness criteria: staging and follow-up of anal cancer
- NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer in people with HIV
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