Summary
Differentials
Common
- Involutional changes
- Prolapsed orbital fat
- Dermatochalasis
- Congenital myogenic ptosis
- Thyroid eye disease
- Previous eye-related surgery or implant
- Chalazion
- Stye (hordeolum)
- Uveitis
- Orbital cellulitis
- Orbital inflammatory syndrome
- Eyelid tumors
- Orbital tumors
- Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
- Stroke
- Eyelid foreign body
- Eyelid laceration
Uncommon
- Blepharophimosis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Blepharochalasis
- Giant cell arteritis
- Preseptal cellulitis
- Globe malposition
- Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB)
- Third nerve palsy
- Horner syndrome
- Transection of levator muscle or aponeurosis
- Orbital and facial fracture
Contributors
Authors
Kiran Sajja, MD
Milan Eye Center
Oculoplastic Surgery
Johns Creek
GA
利益声明
KS declares that he has no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Kiran Sajja would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Allen M. Putterman, a previous contributor for this topic.
利益声明
AMP declares that he has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Ilse Mombaerts, MD, PhD
Department of Ophthalmology
University Hospitals
Leuven Kapucijnenvoer
Leuven
Belgium
利益声明
IM declares that she has no competing interests.
Alon Kahana, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Kellogg Eye Center
Assistant Professor
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Comprehensive Cancer Center
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
MI
利益声明
AK declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
参考文献
关键文献
Finsterer J. Ptosis: causes, presentation, and management. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003;27:193-204. 摘要
Yanovitch T, Buckley E. Diagnosis and management of third nerve palsy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;18(5):373-8. 摘要
American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Orbits, vision and visual loss. 2017 [internet publication].全文
参考文献
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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