Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is considered a spectrum of disorders that includes FASD with and without sentinel facial features, fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol-related birth defects.

Caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy (antenatal alcohol exposure).

Early diagnosis may prevent secondary disabilities, but many clinicians are unaware of, or are confused by, existing diagnostic criteria and terminology.

Management involves identifying and working with a child's specific strengths and needs; however, there is a paucity of evidence for efficacy of specific treatments.

Prevention is a priority, as brain injury sustained in utero is permanent and is associated with severe physical, behavioural, learning, and mental health problems.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to a group of conditions that may result from fetal exposure to alcohol.[1]Streissguth AP, O'Malley K. Neuropsychiatric implications and long-term consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:177-190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11291013?tool=bestpractice.com Disorders include fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, alcohol-related birth defects, and FASD with and without sentinel facial features. FAS is characterised by severe neurodevelopmental impairment, which may be associated with antenatal and postnatal growth retardation, specific facial dysmorphology, and structural abnormalities of the central nervous system. This topic primarily addresses FASD in children.